756 
Commission Report’ in January 1969, and the Proceedings of that Seminar have 
been published by the George Washington University. I would note, Mr. Chair- 
man, that the 'Seminar was organized by Professor Thomas A. Clingen, and I am 
extremely pleased to observe that he is now the very able ‘Counsel of your 
Subcommittee. 
I believe that the functions fall naturally into four categories: First the sup- 
port of scientific research and exploration, that is the study of processes, dis- 
covery of new phonomena and the discovery of new resources. This kind of 
research may be highly applied, or it may be quite basic, but it is oriented to the 
exploration of the unknown, the discovery of new phenomena, and obtaining 
new understanding. ‘Second, according to my Classification, is the function of 
surveying, mapping, charting, monitoring, and forecasting. This is essentially 
the environmental and scientific service function to give guidance to government 
and industry. This is what ESSA does in the atmosphere, and partly in the ocean 
through the Coast and Geodetic Survey, although the Coast Guard and some 
branches of the Bureau cf Commercial Fisheries, as well as some other agencies, 
‘are also involved in such functions in the ocean. The third category of functions 
constitutes man’s intervention in the system. This involves what we do by way 
of environmental modification, and resources management, on the basis of the 
surveys, and forecasts, and the knowledge of processes provided by scientific 
research. In the atmosphere, there are really only two important ways that we 
are concerned with intervention or management: 
(1) The prevention or abatement of air pollution, which is at the present 
‘time the responsibility of HEW. 
(2) Intervention in meteorological processes to modify the einer: re- 
sponsibility for this now resides in several agencies, including ESSA, the 
Department of Agriculture, and the Department of the Interior. The fourth 
category of functions is engineering development, that is the development 
of new technology, and new ways of doing things, so that we can operate 
in the environment more effectively for any of the other purposes—scientific 
research, or survey monitoring and forecasting, or management and inter- 
vention—as well as for the actual use of the environment and its resources 
by enterprise. This function of engineering development, with respect of both 
the ocean and the atmosphere, is widely scattered at the present time, as has 
been observed by the Marine Commission, by NASCO, and by other study 
groups. 
Remembering these four categories of functions, we may then look at what 
the Marine Commission recommends for the organization and functions of the 
NOAA, commencing at page 230 of its report. On pages 2380 and 231 are listed 
18 specific functions of the proposed new agency. To discharge these functions 
there would be assigned to NOAA, by this scheme, the Coast Guard, ESSA 
(which includes the Weather Bureau, the ‘Coast and Geodetic Survey, and some 
other entities), the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries plus the marine and anad- 
romous fisheries functions of the Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, the 
National Sea Grant Program from NSF, the United States Lake Survey (the 
part of the U.S. Corps of Engineers concerned with work in the Great Lakes), 
and the National Oceanographic Data Center. The Antarctic Research Program 
and the National Center for Atmospheric Research of NSF are also recommended 
for inclusion in NOAA but are “not immediate priority”. There would also be 
established within the new agency new programs involved with fundamental 
marine engineering’ and technology, and with environmental modification, new 
means of supporting university scientific research institutionally through a sys- 
tem of national laboratories and coastal zone laboratories, and provision of a 
system of grants to states for coastal zone management. 
Some of the atmospheric and oceanic functions, then, would remain outside 
the new organization. It is pointed out, for example, that NASA’s work in 
oceanography and space should stay where it is and AHC’s marine-related 
nuclear energy program should stay where it is. With respect to some of the 
activities of National Science Foundation, the Corps of Engineers (especially 
the coastal engineering research function), and the marine components of the 
Geological Survey and of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 
the recommendations are not entirely clear. These agencies are not transferred, 
but many of the functions that they perform would become part of the respon- 
sibility of the new organization, according to the list of recommendations of 
the Marine Commission. 
