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phere, and with some aspects of terrestrial geology, and of ocean re- 
source management and development. 
With the exception of the fisheries, however, the functions of the 
new agency dealt very largely with the physical aspects of the 
environment, and left the biological aspects out of the proposed new 
organization. 
The Marine Commission has made its own detailed study. Again it 
has found that the ocean is closely related to other parts of the planet, 
especially the atmosphere, and has recommended, in its reorganization, 
to combine in a National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency 
some of the aspects of both atmospheric and oceanic affairs. 
T am not convinced that this is the best possible choice, and I will 
discuss some alternatives. However, I would like to point out one 
thing: That each of these studies recognize that it would not be desir- 
able to have a single agency to deal with all aspects of the ocean includ- 
ing military uses, civilian uses, and basic science. In other words, I 
think what none of us are in favor of is “a wet NASA.” In general, 
the consensus seems to be that we need essentially three clusters of 
organizations. That is, we need the military oceanography in the 
Defense Department. Secondly, we certainly need to support many 
aspects of basic research, those that have no regard to particular mis- 
sions, and those that are necessary to provide a rounded balance of 
basic science for the purpose of understanding the world we live in. 
And, thirdly, we need some kind of a better agolomeration of activities 
related to the uses of the oceans for civilian purposes, Including all of 
the research, monitoring, forecasting, and so on that this requires. 
The difference of opinion seems to be in what should go into this 
third category. 
I would note at the outset, Mr. Chairman, that in my opinion, the 
ideal kind of organization would probably be the one that was visual- 
ized by Dr. John Calhoun in a letter to Chairman Lennon of June 27, 
1969. In that letter he pointed out the desirability of establishing some 
kind of a Department of Natural Resources and Environments that 
would bring into focus all Federal policies and programs in these two 
broad areas. 
IT also agree, however, with Dr. Calhoun that, while this is ulti- 
mately desirable, such a massive reorganization can’t be accomplished 
very quickly, and that meanwhile there is an urgent need to provide 
a focus for ocean research. 
The question is then what things should be combined in the ocean 
resources and environments cluster. 
One way of examining this problem is to consider the functions that 
need to be performed in the ocean, and in the atmosphere, and see how 
the proposed NOAA corresponds. ‘T made a fairly detailed analysis of 
this problem in a seminar that was organized by your very able coun- 
sel, Tom Clingan, when he was professor at George Washington Uni- 
versity, and the proceedings of that seminar have been published by 
the George Washington University so that I won’t go into detail on 
this. 
However, it is evident that these functions fall into four categories 
rather jaotelly pie is the support of scientific research and ex- 
