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ploration; that is, the study of processes, and the discovery of new 
phenomena, and the discovery of new resources. 
Second is the function of surveying, mapping, charting, monitor- 
ing and forecasting. This is essentially the environmental and scien- 
tific service function, to provide the information and guidance that. is 
required by Government and industry for all of their activities in the 
ocean. This is what ESSA does in the atmosphere, and partly in the 
oceans through the Coast and Geodetic Survey, but there are a num- 
ber of other agencies also involved in this business in the ocean. 
The third category of functions is intervention in the system. This 
essentially involves what we do by way of modifying the environment, 
and managing the resources, on the basis of the surveys, the forecasts, 
and the scientific research, 
In the atmosphere this third category is fairly simple, since there 
are only two important ways that we intervene. One of them is in the 
matter of air pollution, which is now the responsibility of HEW, and 
the other is in weather modification, which is now the responsibility 
of several agencies. 
Conversely, in the ocean, the ways in which man is involved in modi- 
fying the environment, and in managing and developing the many 
resources, 18 much more complex, and the responsibilities reside 
presently i in a large number of agencies. 
The fourth category of functions is engineering development; that 
is the development of new technology, new ways of doing things 0) 
that. we can operate in the environment more effectively for any of the 
other purposes. 
If one remembers these catgories of functions, and then looks at what 
the Marine Commission recommends for the organization and fune- 
tions of NOAA, commencing at page 230 of the report, it will be seen 
that they list 18 specific, detailed functions for the proposed new 
agency, and to discharge these functions they propose an aggregation 
including the Coast Guard, ESSA. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 
plus some of the marine and anadromous fisheries functions of the 
Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, the National Sea Grant pro- 
gram from NSF, the U.S. Lake Survey, which is part of the U.S. 
Corps of Engineers concerned with work in the Great Lakes, and the 
National Oceanographic Data Center. 
They also note in passing that the Antarctic Research Program and 
the National Center for Atomospheric Research, of NSF, might be in- 
cluded in NOAA, but are not of immediate priority. 
Comparing the things that are outlined in the Marine Commis- 
sion’s report with the categories of functions I have discussed, it ap- 
pears to me that the proposed new organization would be very ‘strong 
in the second and fourth categories of functions. 
That is it would be very str ong in the area of surveying , Mapping, 
monitoring and forecasting; pro ovidine these services to gover? nment 
and: industry. However, with respect to ‘this function there remain con- 
siderable problems in organizational structure, because some other or- 
ganizations do a great deal of marine surveying, mapping, and fore- 
casting, and they are excluded. These include such organizations as 
the Geological Survey, Federal Water Pollution Control Administra- 
tion, and the Coastal Engineering Laboratories of the Army Engineers. 
NOAA would also be very strong in having a new purpose in the 
