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nology in cooperation with FAO, and involving fishery students from Asia, Africa 
and Latin America, have become a recurrent and important source of such assist- 
ance to countries in those regions. Bilateral fishery development schemes of im- 
portant size and continuing benefit have been, or are being, implemented with 
Cuba, Senegal, Ghana, United Arab Republic, Yemen, Sudan, Somalia, Tanzania 
and Indonesia. Assistance of lesser, but consequential extent, has been rendered 
to South Yemen, India, Pakistan and Burma. The incidental sale of fish from 
Russian vessels has yielded substantial amounts of currencies, as well as render- 
ing nutritional benefit, to such countries as Congo, Nigeria, Ghana, Dahomey, 
Togo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Yemen, South 
Yemen, and Tanzania. 
4. Russian-flag fishing vessels work in all seas: Arctic, Antarctic, Pacific, 
Atlantic and Indian Ocean. They fish regularly off Alaska, Washington, Oregon, 
California, in the Gulf of Mexico, off Florida, the middle Atlantic States, and 
New England. The foreign bases established for their use in Cuba, Senegal, 
Hgypt, Yemen, Somalia, Tanzania, and Indonesia are conveniently located rela- 
tive to important channels of merchant marine travel, and possible future naval 
action. Well instrumented Soviet fishing vessels are ubiquitous where there are 
United States or NATO naval maneuvers, space or special weapons shots in 
prospect, or regular military activities by the United States being conducted 
(such as Guam, Rota Bay, California, ete.). The military consequence of Rus- 
sian fishing activity on a world wide basis is not known, but it is certainly in 
a different order of magnitude than the contribution of the United States flag 
fishing fleet to United States military posture. 
C.. The general fish business 
There are some general movements in the fish business that are useful to look 
at in a consideration of the situation of U.S. flag fishing. Among these are: 
1. World Production.—W orld production of fish and shellfish was 23 million 
short tons in 19388; 23.2 million tons in 1950; 34.6 million in 1957 ; 44 million tons 
in 1960; and 62.5 million tons in 1966. While the complete figures for 1967 are not 
yet available they were higher than those for 1966. It is likely that world produc- 
tion will be close to 65 million short tons in 1968. Total value in 1966 at fishermen 
level was about $9 billion, well more than twice the value of all minerals (includ- 
ing petroleum) taken from the Six nations out of the approximately 138 in the 
world presently caught about 57% of seabed the world total in 1966. These were, 
in production rank, Peru, Japan, Mainland China, U.S.S.R., Norway, and the 
U.S. The statistics for Mainland China are open to serious doubt since about 
1957. The situation of each of these national fisheries is quite different. 
(a) Peru.—The Peruvian fishery is supported almost entirely by one species, 
anchovetta, which is made into one product, fish meal (and oil). Total landings 
were 26,400 short tons in 1988, still only a half million tons in 1957, and then were 
9.7 million short tons in 1966 (having been a little higher in both 1964 and 1967). 
All of the fish are caught off the coast of Peru and within a few mile of shore. 
Although the per capita consumption of fish in Peru trends upward, substantially 
all of the product of the fishery is exported, on a world wide basis. The fishery 
is conducted on a profit basis by private industry. The chief national interest in 
the fishery is in support of the domestic economy and in the earning of foreign ex- 
change. It provides the largest export item for Peru in terms of both volume 
and value. 
(b) Japan.—The Japanese fishery, unlike that of Peru, has been a major 
national industry for many years. Both pre-war and post-war, Japan was the top 
fish producer in the world. It remained so until Peru surged ahead of it in 1963. 
The value of the Japanese catch is much higher than that of Peru. The average 
value of the Japanese catch is just under $250.00 per ton, whereas that of Peru 
is just under $10.00 per ton. 
The Japanese fishery is in the hands of private industry and operates fully on 
a profit basis, but with much policy guidance and support from Government. 
In the post-war period the national policy under which it was directed included 
maximization of physical yield from the fishery, maximization of the accu- 
mulation of capital through the fishery, and maximization of use of labor in the 
fishery. In recent years the tightening labor situation domestically has relaxed 
the third objective. Fishery products are the prime animal protein content of 
the Japanese diet and prime earner of foreign exchange. 
The resources around the home islands are heavily and fully used but since 
about 1952 the Japanese fisheries have spread out actively to world wide extent. 
and are still increasing both in productivity and geographic range. In the last two 
