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A massive educational and training program has developed particularly for the 
needs of the fishing industry at all levels from oceanographic science of consider- 
able sophistication to the training of fishing crews for action in all oceans and 
under all climatic conditions. 
The Russian fishery expansion has been noted for its successful inaleveksons in 
the application of science and technology, together with carefully integrated 
planning, to the problems of fishery development and production. In this it is 
without a current peer in the world. With substantially no natural advantages or 
tradition of high seas enterprise Russia has become in fifteen years time tne 
fourth (and probably actually the third) largest fish producer in the world, and 
is headed toward being the first in less than five years. It operates anywhere in 
the world where marine living resources are found in economically harvestable 
quantities. It searches out the location of such resources with more energy and 
competence than any other nation currently exerts. 
(e) Norway.—Norway has always lived by the sea and depended heavily on 
cod and herring for the bulk of its fish production. Aside from whaling in 
Antarctica and elsewhere, its fishing has been, and is, largely restricted to the 
North Atlantic and the adjacent Arctic. Its current surge forward in produc- 
tion is attributable mainly to a successful adaptation of scientific scouting and 
search procedures, sonar location procedures, and power block plus synthetic 
webbing in purse seine procedures, to increasing production of herring, mackerel 
and capelin from the Northeast Atlantic, and chiefly for the production of fish 
meal. Production was 1.1 million short tons in 1938, 1.9 million tons in 1957 
and 3.1 million short tons in 1966. 
Norwegian fishery development is not spectacular or explosive as with Peru, 
Japan and Russia, but it is solid. 
Although conducted on a profit basis as free enterprise there is a much higher 
level of governmental guidance and support than in Peru, the United States, or 
probably even Japan. Although an important part of the internal economy, and 
basic to the nutritional requirements of the nation, the chief emphasis is on 
producing fish products for export and the earning of foreign exchange. The fish- 
ing industry has filled an important role in Norwegian technical assistance. This 
has been particularly successful in India, and is becoming so in Ghana, but has 
also been helpful in Burma, and to a limited extent elsewhere. 
(f) United States.—Unilike the situation in Peru, Japan, Russia, and Norway 
the United States fiag fishing industry has had little to contribute to United 
States strategy, veneral posture, policy or social purpose in the years since the 
end of World War Ti, although United States Government and academic scien- 
tist’s have contributed in a major way to world-wide fishery and ocean science, 
and the United States fish business aside from U.S. flag fishing has had a power- 
ful effect on world wide fishery development in other nations. In some respect in 
fact, U.S. flag fishing has been a nuisance to United States policy and foreign 
relations. 
Krom the end of World War II until about 1965 the United States not only did 
not need any extra food but had embarrassing surplus, of which it had great diffi- 
culty in disposing. This was the case with animal protein (dairy products and 
eggs particularly) as with cereals and edible oils. The production of the fisheries, 
if increased, would only have added to this surplus of animal protein and edible 
oil. 
For at least the period 1945 to 1955 (and actually continuing longer in a more 
passive way) the United States had a strong policy objective of building up the 
economies of allied countries and creating conditions so they could earn dollars. 
A strong need was felt to redress foreign exchange balance in favor of foreign 
countries. Politicalxpower in this field in the United States lay with exporters 
and not with domestic fish producers. After the first surge of enthusiasm for re- 
building and the economies of war torn countries and world trade, substantial 
enthusiasm and political force arose to aid in building the economy of the develop- 
ing world. All this applied particularly, at first, to Canada, Mexico, Japan, and 
the countries of Western Europe. It more recently has been applied to countries 
of the developing world. These objectives could be rather quickly served in fisheries 
by assisting initially with development funds and materials. and providing mar- 
ket for the product. This policy has worked quite successfully, but to the dis- 
advantage of U.S. domestic flag fishing whose production was in the direction of 
impeding the rapid application of this policy, and whose political power inter- 
nally was small, and continuously shrinking during the period. 
The development of the strategies and technologies associated with the nuclear 
deterrent policy brought a quite rapid divorcement between the United States 
