1154 
means they felt to be appropriate. In California, for instance, fishermen can 
land in the State of California only those fish taken in accordance with California 
State regulations, wherever they are caught. 
Although these jurisdictional situations are all somewhat in dispute they do 
provide the juridical framework within which fisheries are conducted. Both the 
fish and the fishermen make practical jurisdiction over fisheries for conservation 
management purposes complex and difficult because of their migratory, and 
other, habits. : 
Many of the most important marine resources make longer or shorter migra- 
tions during their life which are of vital importance to them. Prevented from 
doing so they die or do not thrive. 
Diadromous fish like salmon, sea-run trouts, some smelts, alewives, river her- 
ring, freshwater eel, shad, some sturgeons, etc., regularly and necessarily pass 
through all of these four juridical zones regularly in the course of their life 
history. If they are prevented from doing so they die. Consider, for instance, 
the Columbia river chinook salmon spawned in the Salmon river of Idaho. Dur- 
ing its life it passes twice through the jurisdictional waters of Idaho, Oregon, 
Washington and the United States 12 mile contiguous zone. It is subject to being 
fished on in the high seas off Oregon (occasionally California), Washington, 
British Columbia, and Alaska. Only treaty undertakings between Japan, Canada 
and the United States prevent it being fished upon by Japanese fishermen as 
well, and if it migrates west of 175° KE. longitude those prohibitions vanish. 
Tunas migrate across oceans. Bluefin tuna tagged off Baja California have 
been recaptured in the Sea of Japan; skipjack tuna similarly tagged have been 
recaptured southeast of Hawaii; albacore similarly tagged have been recaptured 
north of Hawaii and off Japan; bluefin tuna tagged in the Bahamas have been 
caught in the North Sea and the Bay of Biscay. 
Fur seals from the Pribilov Island herd migrate down along the coast of 
Japan and along the coast of North America to Baja California. Whales mi- 
grate over hemispheres. 
Even with the large coastal populations of fish that support major fisheries and 
are reasonably stable as to migrations, migrations during the natural spawning, 
feeding and growing cycles are sufficiently extensive that it is not possible to 
settle major jurisdictional problems or attend to the conservation Management 
of many major resources within one area of political jurisdiction. Most resources 
supporting major fisheries on a world-wide basis either occur solely or mostly in 
the high seas outside even a 12-mile contiguous zone, or move out of the terri- 
torial sea to there at some stage of their life history, and become available for 
capture on the high seas. 
By far the bulk of living resources now utilized or known about live on the 
continental shelf or reasonably close to shore. Prominent exceptions like tuna, 
salmon, whales, cod, ocean perch, etc., can be caught well offshore in many areas 
of the world ocean, but the general statement still holds true. Although these 
coastal large resources tend to migrate along coasts, there are major resources 
that stay pretty well within 50 to 100 miles of land, and, in countries like the 
United States, Norway, Chile, Argentina, India, China, Canada, Peru, and others 
with long coast lines, a good many large resources could be pretty well managed 
by a single country if its jurisdiction were broader. Some countries like Chile, 
Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina in this category have attempted to establish 200 
miles zones of fishery jurisdiction to accomplish this purpose, and they have been 
followed by smaller countries like Panama and El Salvador. 
This has not been accepted generally by the nations as legitimate international 
practice. A principal reason for this is that with improved technology the fisher- 
men have become even more migratory than the fish. Japanese and Russian 
fishermen already fish customarily almost all of the world ocean. Where they can 
secure bases near particular fishing grounds at reasonable cost they fish out of 
them. When they cannot they fish out of home bases supported by motherships, 
carrier vessels, fueling vessels, hospital ships, ete. 
Fishermen of South Korea and Taiwan are not far behind those of Japan and 
Russia in the geographic scope of their distant water fisheries. Norway. Germany, 
Denmark, Faroe Islands, East Germany, Poland, Roumania, Netherlands, Bul- 
garia, Greece, Israel, United Arab Republic, Yugoslavia, Italy, Spain, Portugal, 
Kuwait, France, United Kigdom, Iceland, Ghana, United States, Cuba, Venezeula, 
and Canada possess distant water fisheries of importance to them. and such are 
developing in Mexico, Ecuador, Senegal, Thailand, Ceylon, and West Pakistan. 
As other nations develop their fishing strength the same long range fishing ten- . 
