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dencies will develop, and the development programs of the United Nations 
Development Program and World Bank, executed by FAO Department of Fish- 
eries, are rather rapidly becoming effective in many parts of the world. 
Thus there arises the classic dichotomy between the distant water and the 
coastal fishermen which is such a factor in fishery jurisdiction problems on a 
world wide base, not only among nations, but among groups of fishermen within 
a nation. In these days of rapid application of science and technology to fishery 
development the political basis of this dichotomy has a disturbing habit of shift- 
ing while the problem is in process of solution. Some examples will illustrate. 
When the Truman Proclamation was issued in 1945 the only fishery people in 
the United States who were interested in it were the salmon and halibut people 
of the Pacific Northwest who hoped to use it to keep Japanese, particularly, but 
also Russian fishermen out of the Northeast Pacific. When they learned of this 
possible effect the tuna people of California, the shrimp people of the Gulf of 
Mexico, and the New England trawl people were opposed to it because the Cali- 
fornia tuna fishermen made almost all of their catches off Latin America, the 
shrimp fishermen were expanding rapidly into the offshore waters of Mexico 
in the Gulf of Mexico, and the New Englanders were still expanding their trawl 
fisheries of the Maritime Provinces of Canada and Newfoundland. The other fish- 
eries people around the rim of the country had little interest in the problem 
because they worked close to the coast, there were no foreign vessels fishing 
where they did, and they expected no such competition to arise. It was out of 
the salmon-halibut, tuna-shrimp—New England trawl interaction that the Office 
of the Special Advisor to the Secretary for Fish and Wildlife arose in the 
Department of State. 
By the time of the 1958 conference on the Law of the Sea the New England 
trawl fishery position had eroded to the point where they did not fish on the 
Grand Banks any more, did not fish on the Nova Scotia banks, had pretty well 
forgotten about Labrador and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and were mostly fishing 
by themselves on Georges Bank off New England, so they were reasonably neutral 
on the subject and politically weakened in the United States. The shrimp people 
had reached a moderately good modus vivendi with the Mexicans in the Gulf 
of Mexico, on the basis of the Mexican 9-mile territorial sea, and only the Cali- 
fornia tuna people were left in sharp opposition to the salmon and halibut. 
Now, a decade later, if a vote were taken in the United States fishing industry 
it would be heavily in favor of a 200 mile fishery limit for the United States. 
The whole Atlantic seaboard would be in favor of it because the New Englanders 
no longer fish substantially off Canada and want the Canadians and Russians who 
fish on Georges Bank and further south along the Atlantic coast to be thrown 
out of those fisheries. The menhaden fishermen fear Russian fishing on the Cen- 
tral Atlantic Seaboard. The southern people fear Cuban’s, Russians and Japanese 
fishing from the Carolinas to Key West. On the Pacific coast the situation is much 
the same as far down as southern California because Russians fish in the coastal 
waters of this whole region, and the Japanese fish south to Oregon. The salmon 
and halibut people have been joined and strengthened by the crab fishermen and 
trawlers along the whole coast. The Gulf shrimp people really have no problem 
since the United States and Mexico have agreed on a 12 mile fishery zone. The 
California tuna fishermen alone in United States fisheries are in strong favor of 
a narrow fishery jurisdiction zone, bringing to their side Puerto Rico which has 
become importantly involved as a tuna canner in the interim, and the State of 
Washington that has become importantly involved in building new tuna clippers 
for both these places. The pendulum may be beginning to swing back again in the 
Gulf States as the new longer-range freezing vessels are entering the shrimp fleet. 
It may even be beginning to swing back again in New England because the few 
new trawlers that have been built under the Vessel subsidy act are doing quite 
well financially. 
The situation found in the United States is found in some degree in other coun- 
tries where coastal fishermen with small, often antiquated, vessels and techniques 
wish to do away with the competition from the distant water fishermen, ordinarily 
equipped with larger and more modern vessels. Thus Canadian long-liners for a 
long while were able to keep Canadian trawlers 12 miles off the Nova Scotia 
coast : the Japanese coastal fishermen fight to keep the Russians out of the saury 
and squid fishery, and the South Koreans out of the salmon fishery off Japan ; the 
Finmark cod fishermen fight to keep Norwegian trawlers out of the Lofoten and 
other inshore cod grounds; the coastal fishermen of West India prevent the 
modernization of the offshore sardine and mackerel fisheries, the yield of which 
