1159 
Some wiser heads in all these various user groups realize the desirability of 
the states and the national government getting the maximum social benefit out of 
the use of these natural resources that are the common property of all, and there 
is much sincere work devoted to finding a formula for this that may draw agree- 
ment from all or most of these multiple users, and be in the total public interest. 
One such formula has been developed in California. It originated with a group 
of professional conservationists acting as consultants to the California Depart- 
ment of Fish and Game in its planning for the wise use of all such resources in 
California, both marine and upland. It was adapted to the marine situation by 
a group of experts from the University of California acting under the administra- 
tion of its Institute of Marine Resources for the California State Office of Plan- 
ning. It was slightly modified and adopted by the California Governor’s Ad- 
visory Commission on Ocean Resources. In this form it has been agreed to by the 
major elements in the California commercial fisheries and by a number of con- 
servation leaders in the State. The formula has now been approved in the follow- 
ing form unanimously by the California Advisory Commission on Marine and 
Coastal Resources and recommended by it to the Governor (through the Inter- 
agency Council on Marine Resources) and the Legislature. The formula might be 
useful on a national level and is as follows (written in California State terms) : 
“The Commission recommends that the State Government through cooperation 
between its executive and legislative branches, should establish policy concern- 
ing the conservation and utilization of the living resources of the sea under its 
jurisdiction and influence, which will encourage their maintenance and full 
utilization for the benefit of all of our citizens, which will promote the develop- 
ment of local fisheries and of distant water and overseas fisheries based on 
California, and which will be in harmony with the internatonal law respecting 
fishing and conservation of the living resources of the high seas. This policy 
should include the following objectives : 
(a) To maintain sufficient populations of all species of marine organisms 
to insure their continued existence. 
(6) To recognize as important the aesthetic, educational, scientific and 
nonextractive recreational uses of the living resources of the California 
Current. 
(c) Where a species is the object of sport fishing, to encourage the main- 
tenance of suffiicent resource to support a reasonable sport use, taking into 
consideration the necessity of regulating individual sport fishery bag limits 
to the quantity that is sufficient to provide satisfying sport. 
(d) To encourage the growth of local commercial fisheries, consistent with 
aesthetic, educational, scientific and recreational uses, to foster the utiliza- 
tion of un-used resources, taking into consideration the necessity of regulat- 
ing the catch within the limits of maximum sustainable yield, and to encour- 
age the development of distant water and overseas fishery enterprises. 
(e) To manage, on a basis of adequate scientific information promptly 
promulgated for public scrutiny, the fisheries under the State’s jurisdiction 
and to participate in the management of other fisheries in which California 
fishermen are engaged, with the objective of maximizing the sustained 
harvest and decreasing costs of commercial production”. 
CHAPTER V.—THE ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF FISHERY AFFAIRS BY THE UNITED 
STATES 
A. The general situation 
In previous chapters some note has been taken of the relationship of fishery 
affairs to general United States ocean policy, the present nature of the United 
States fish business, a number of specific United States flag fisheries, and the 
nature of living resources, jurisdiction over them, and concepts for the manage- 
ment of their use held at different levels of government. In this chapter will be 
considered what might properly be the oragnization and conduct of fishery 
affairs by the United States under these circumstances. 
It may be humiliating to some for the United States to have dropped from sec- 
ond place to sixth place in the world sweepstakes as the prime fish catcher, but 
nobody is foolish enough to pay for catching fish simply for the purpose of getting: 
into first place. It would be absolutely wasteful for the United States to emulate 
Soviet or Japanese activities in the high seas fisheries. It was quite a different 
set of problems than those two have. 
For instance, the United States miiltary is perfectly competent to catch by 
itself all of the submarines it needs to catch. What with earth-orbiting satellites, 
