1161 
It is reasonably obvious from the above examination of the history of current 
status of the United States market for fish and shellfish, and the review of the 
underutilized resources in United States’ coastal areas, ‘what opportunities are 
the best for domestic fishery development. 
Given prices competitive with imports, market demand is strong and steadily 
growing for fish meal; shrimp and crab; tuna; ground fish as fish blocks, sticks, 
portions, sandwiches, steaks and as fresh or frozen fillets (as well as for whole 
flounder, or ‘‘sole’’), clams, scallops and oysters ; and salmon. 
Underutilized resources in coastal waters are particularly large for fish suit- 
able for fish meal production (as well as pet food and fish protein concentrate), 
small shrimp, crab, ground fish in great variety, and clams and seallops. Vast 
estuarine areas are admirably adapted by nature to the cultivation of oysters, 
and presently largely unused. Oysters, clams and salmon all lend themselves to 
increase in production from coastal waters by application of improved resource 
management methods and aquaculture. 
While such an account would seem to leave out tuna, one of the most important 
elements of the U.S. fish trade, it does not. The United States tuna fleet is modern 
and economically in good shape. It is expanding. It is already a capable long-range 
fleet. If the United States maintains its rights for its fishing vessels to fish on the 
high seas more than 12 miles from shore, and with its fellow soverigns supplies 
appropriate conservation methods to keep high seas tuna resources in good 
productive condition, there seems to be no reason to expect that the U.S. flag 
tuna fleet cannot keep productive and in good economic condition. 
As has been noted above, and will be dealt with further below, the needed 
development activities for the domestic fisheries does not seem to need any mas- 
sive injections of new money, subsidies, or supports. A more rational approach 
to the management of the use of these common property resources, an elimination 
of the more outstanding institutional barriers to development, a more effective use 
of the vast research potentials of the United States, and a more rational organiza- 
tion of the conduct of United States fisheries seems to be needed more than 
large amounts of new money. 
The United States has numerous and large responsibilities in the international 
field that can be forwarded by the development of fisheries by other countries by 
their flag vessels. Some of these interests are unique to the humanitarian policies 
of the United States; some are related to the general posture desirable for it to 
keep in the comity of nations; some relate to its need for understanding and pre- 
diction of planetary forces; some relate to its own food supply; etc. These have 
been treated somewhat above and will be dealt with below to further extent. These 
include the following : 
1. Improving the nutritional base of countries in the developing world having 
protein deficiency problems. 
2. Assisting the growth of the economies of other countries. 
3. Developing resource bases for supplies of raw material to United States 
industry. 
4. Securing longer range diplomatic advantage through establishment of good 
will in countries whose friendship is advantageous to the United States. 
5. Protecting from overfishing the resource base supporting fishing industries 
in the particular countries, and supplies for United States industry, by the 
establishment of appropriate research and management facilities for conserva- 
tion purposes. 
6. Improving the scientific basis for predicting events in ocean climate and 
atmospheric weather. 
7. Providing auxiliary back up strength for United States posture in time of 
stress, either of a regional or total nature. 
8. Establishing a workable regime of the Law of the Sea to assure the peaceful 
increased use of the sea by all, and to maintain public order on the sea. 
In furthering the conduct of these international fishery and oceanographic 
activities that fall out of its general diplomatic policies it is highly desirable that 
the United States Government integrate its domestic with its international 
fishery activities as closely as is possble. This is from the standpoint of efficiency 
and effectiveness and follows from the experience of the large United States firms 
who have found it quite impracticable to conduct their fish activities in separate 
international and domestic departments, because the interdigitation between the 
two is too intimate and detailed to render such an approach practical. 
At the present stage of history, as noted both above and below, the prime need 
in the international aspect of this field is to organize the international activities in 
