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the same fishery there is normally paralysis of management activity. The formula 
should be adopted like that of the water poliution act where initial authority for 
living aquatic resource management lies with the State, but in case agreement 
cannot be reached, or insufficient action is taken, the Federal Fishery Function 
can assume paramount authority under the criteria laid out in point 1 above. 
The first objective of management should be to assure that fishing effort on 
a stock must not exceed the level corresponding to the maximum sustainable 
yield. The second objective should be, in fisheries reaching this stage, to manage 
the fishery in such a manner as to maximize the net economic yield therefrom 
as fully as is practical. The regulation of fisheries for social purposes to spread 
the wealth—should be eliminated whenever politically possible, and emphasis 
given to taking permissible volumes of fish and shellfish from particular stocks 
by the most economically efficient methods possible. 
8. Development of the Full Use of Resources—The Federal Fishery Function 
must have the clear authority and responsibility in the ultimate instance for 
the development of the full use of living aquatie resources within the jurisdiction 
of United States, in accordance with the terms of the policy in point 1 above. 
Again initial responsibility can reside in the state governments, as in the water 
pollution act, with final responsibility in the Federal Fishery Function. 
9. Resource Assessment.—The Federal Fisheries Function should pursue a 
vigorous policy of exploring, assessing the extent, and establishing the commer- 
cial and recreational possibilities of harvesting, of particular living resources 
on the continental shelf and slop adjacent to the United States, or available to 
harvest by citizens of the United States in the high seas. It should do this by a 
combination of biological, environmental, exploratory fishing, gear development 
and vessel development research. It should do this through its own efforts, and 
by stimulation of companion research in the other appropriate federal agencies 
(such as the Navy, Maritime Administration, Atomic Hnergy Commission, 
National Science Foundation, etc.), the fishery agencies of the State Govern- 
ments, and the academic community. 
It should also pursue its own research programs, while cooperating with 
international efforts along the same lines, of making better estimates of total 
food production possibilities, both regional and ocean wide, together with ex- 
ploring new techniques for the rapid preliminary assessment of stock size and 
potential yield where new fishery developments are contemplated. 
The results of all such research should be promptly promulgated not only as 
completed research projects but as preliminary results from time to time in 
form useful to the interested public. 
10. Economic Research.—The Federal Fishery Function must strengthen mate- 
rially its economic research capabilities. 
Present statistical data on the fisheries of the United States are inadequate 
for biological, technological, and economic research needs. There is no realistic 
system for obtaining the production statistics of recreational fishing, estimating 
its economic (and dietary) value, or estimating the fishing pressure. 
The economic theory underlying fishery management practices is very imper- 
fect. The detailed knowledge of economic forces at work in particular fisheries 
is rudimentary. Accordingly, at the present time, neither the application of aids 
to promote development, nor constraints to provide for conservation, can be done 
in a sensible, efficient manner. More frequently than not, heretofore, constraints 
adopted for conservation purposes have created more economic damage than they 
have conservation good. 
The relation of costs in Untied States flag fisheries with those in competing 
fisheries and nations is known in such a fragmentary way that it is generally 
fruitless to attempt gaining international agreement to constraints required for 
conservation regulation in international fisheries for lack of undertsanding of 
relative economic impact of such constraints on different parts of the fishery. 
For the same reason it is not possible to know what aids may be needed, for 
what period of time, to counteract foreign moves to make their fishery economi- 
cally more competitive. Lastly, for lack of economic research it is not possible 
to plan very efficiently what domestic fisheries can be developed most economically 
to fill United States market desires. 
The economic research program of the Federal Fisheries Function should 
reach into all branches of its activities, and particularly, use academic economic 
research capabilities as fully as possible by grants and subsidies. 
11. Change in Thrust of Effort—The Federal Fishery Function should limit its 
service functions to the processing, distributing and marketing section of the 
