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domestic fish trade to government services normally given other segments of the 
food trade (such as statistical services. inspection services to protect wholesome- 
ness of product, ete.), and divert the chief thrust of its domestic program to as- 
sisting the development of fisheries by U.S. flag vessels, and the improvement in 
profitability of those existing. 
The main thrust of such development work should be centered on those fisheries 
for which there is ample supply in U.S. coastal waters and ample market in the 
United States. Attention should be given to stimulating use of underutilized 
resources for which there is growing market both domestic and foreign. Liberal 
funds should be made available for pump priming activity in the initial years 
of development of such fisheries. Major resources now known which merit such 
attention are anchovy, thread herring and calico scallop in the South Atlantic- 
Gulf of Mexico area; anchovy, jack mackerel and squid off southern California ; 
hake, saury and ocean perches off southern California, Oregon and Washington ; 
pollack, ocean perch, flat fishes, cods, pink shrimp, scallop, and crabs in Alaska. 
12. Animal Protein for Nutritional Value.—tinterest in fisheries in the United 
States has centered historically, and still does, on fish for direct human con- 
sumption and values at high level because of taste, texture and appearance. In 
the meantime the market use of fish in the United States has gravitated con- 
trarily to products sold for their nutritional (chiefly well rounded protein) 
value, and more than half of the fish used in the United States is now consumed 
in that form. 
The first sort of fish are normally carnivores rather high up in the trophic 
scale and naturally of low abundance relatively in any particularly habitat. 
The sort of fish and shellfish used for the latter purpose are those lower in 
the trophic level, naturally more abundant in any habitat, and normally under- 
utilized because of the intense effort to catch higher priced fishes for direct 
human consumption. Since the proteins of substantially all fish and crustacea 
have substantially identical nutritional value and a well balanced amino-acid 
profile containing those nutritional elements required by all animals, advantage 
is taken of these most abundant lower trophic animals by reducing them to a 
form that can be economically used in animal diets as protein sources on the 
basis of nutritional value rather than the subjective and costly values of texture, 
taste and appearance. 
Although the most common form of doing this is making fish meal, fish solubles 
and minced frozen fish are other important presently utilized forms. Although 
such products are chiefly used in the United States presently for animal feeding 
(fish, poultry, swine, fur bearers, pet and bait) such products as minced frozen 
whole fish are increasing sharply in use for direct human consumption in Japan, 
fish sauces are widely used as a condiment in Southeast Asia, and fish protein 
concentrate has enormous potential in the United States and on a world basis 
as an additive for nutritional values to formulated foods made from cheaper 
materials higher in calories content but deficient in one or more essential amino- 
acids. 
The Federal Fishery Function should vigorously strengthen its entire pro- 
gram (resource assessment, exploratory fishing, gear development, processing 
technology, economic research, etc.) aimed at making these very abundant and 
cheaply caught resources in United States coastal waters available for as broad 
a spectrum of uses as possible, not only in the United States but in foreign mar- 
kets. It is in this field that aids of a pump priming sort should be concentrated 
in order to assist in bringing the use of these underutilized resources into the 
economy. 
13. Incentives to Development of U.S. Flag Fishing.—Fishermen fish for 
money not for fish. When profits are good in a fishery new vessels flow into it 
automatically unless artificially restricted, fleets and gear and methods are auto- 
matically updated and modernized, vigorous young men are attracted into the 
trade, skills are constantly improved, and length of time at sea becomes less im- 
portant. When profits are poor vessels and men in the fleet become overage. 
obsolete, and less efficient, and crews will not stay at sea to work. 
Almost nobody goes to sea to work if he can make as much income at some 
other job ashore. No firm makes money from the activities of poor fishermen: 
only rich fishermen make money for themselves, the firms that use their product. 
and the community. 
There must be economic incentive if compentent men are going to go to sea 
and work the fisheries. Sea fishing has a bad connotation economically in the 
United States so that capital is difficult of access even to prosperous fishermen. 
