1186 
tory to United States general interest as existing customary and conventional 
international law. There is no need arising from new technology for a more pre- 
cise definition to the outer boundary to the continental shelf that is more intense 
now than it was in 1958, and there is even less likelihood of a more satisfactory 
such boundary being agreed ‘to than the one in the Convention on the Continental 
Shelf. Agitation for new boundaries for the continental shelf brings increased 
pressure on the breadth of the territorial sea, and the accompanying international 
straits and marginal seas problems. : 
4. Adopt such domestic legislation as is required to permit the licensing of min- 
ing and well drilling by U.S. firms in the seabed beyond national sovereigniy, 
and to implement the four conventions arising from the 1958 conference, to which 
the United States is a party.—There is no reason why the United States should 
not take advantage of its, or any other, technology to mine ‘the deep-seabed when 
that technology develops. There is no conflict likely to arise out of such mining 
in the foreseeable future that cannot be handled satisfactory by the same dip- 
lomatic methodology used repeatedly and successfully in the settlement of 
fishery disputes. There is no resource to be mined on the deep-seabed known of 
yet, the mining of which is retarded by lack of unique use rights to the resource 
in a particular geographie area. Statements to the contrary are reflective of a 
psychological attitude toward property ownership by businessmen accustomed 
to land operations, and their bankers, and not warranted by presently known 
conditions at sea. 
5. Move forward on a broad front in the scientific investigation of the atmos- 
phere, the ocean, its boundaries and its contents by plowing important new 
money into this activity. This should involve at least $100 million of new money 
on average per year for the neat decade.—The general plans for doing this have 
been set out by the National Academy of Sciences—National Academy of Engi- 
neering for the domestic phase (37), and by the Joint Working Party of 
ACMRR/SCOR/WMO for the international phase (38). What is needed now is 
new money. 
6. Strengthen the civilian establishment in the United States Executive by the 
creation of a body resembling the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency 
proposed by the National Marine Commission.—Outside the United States Goy- 
ernment it is generally agreed that this is the strongest step forward the United 
States could take in marine affairs. It is the several warring factions in the 
United States Executive, each of whom wants a bigger share of the ocean appro- 
priation dollar, who oppose this action. (39) 
7. Strengthen the international establishment for ocean research and tech- 
nology by supporting the action now afoot among the specialized agencies of the 
United Nations to build the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission into 
an ocean agency useful to all of them.—Eventually there will need to be 2 World 
Oceanic Agency to handle the scientific and technological aspects of expanded 
use of the ocean. So long as the political agitation in the General Assembly, 
fomented heretofore by the United States, remains so strong the possibility of 
getting an international scientific and technology agency established in this field 
appears to be remote. The best interim alternate available that can be presently 
achieved appears to be the strengthening of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic 
Commission. (40). 
8. Strengthen with adequate funds and national support the World Weather 
Watch System and the Global Atmospheric Research Program of the World 
Meteorological Organization and the companion Integrated Global Ocean Station 
System and Global Ocean Research Program. of the Intergovernmental Oceano- 
graphic Commission.—iIn these cooperative international activities lies the possi- 
bility of understanding the air-sea environment adequately to materially improve 
the economic and social conditions of mankind as a whole. (41). 
9. Strengthen with adequate funds and national support the Department of 
Fisheries of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and 
its Convmittee on Fisheries.—These are the bodies through which assistance is 
actually (rather than fancifully) being given to the developing countries for 
improving their production of food from the sea, and through which the moni- 
toring of the world ocean to see where overfishing problems may be developing, 
and the framing of means to prevent them, is actually going forward. (42). 
10. Broaden the role of the Office of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of 
State for Fisheries and Wildlife into an Office of Ocean Affairs in the Department 
of State.—This is the office that actually has the suceessful experience over the 
years in negotiating agreements and treaties with other nations respecting ocean 
use, and the handling of such problems on the practical diplomatic level. 
