— placing the burden of proving lack of negligence on the 

 owners and operators of wells and ships 



— creation of a revolving fund in the Treasury for financ- 

 ing cleanup operations 



— requirement of proof of financial ability to pay for clean- 

 up by ships using navigable waters 



It is highly probable that the public outrage, the report of 

 the President's panel, the studies of the Interior Department, 

 and the Congressional hearings will result in changes in present 

 federal regulations of off-shore drilling and shipping practices, 

 though there will of course continue to be strong counter- 

 pressure from industry lobbies. It should be remembered, 

 however, that bills such as those introduced by Senator Muskie 

 can only pertain to shipping practices and spills which occur 

 within the territorial waters of the United States — a limit of 

 three miles. For protection from and control of pollution to 

 our coast from foreign vessels on the high seas, international 

 agreements must be established. 



33 



