20 
40 percent of the total declared Soviet exports in 1974.” (Mielke, 
pp. 501-502.) 
‘gs ba does aquaculture fit into Soviet fishing and agricultural 
plans? : 
“The Soviet Union supports one of the largest fisheries industries 
in the world. Fisheries research in Russia dates back to the 13th 
century. Until about 1928, most research involved surveys and expedi- 
tions to determine the extent and types of fish available for exploita- 
tion. However, after 1928, there was increased emphasis on fish 
husbandry and the management of fishery resources. . . . 
. .. Today, the Soviet effort in aquaculture and the associated 
marine biological sciences is among the largest in the world . 
The area devoted to fish culture in the Soviet Union has more than 
doubled since the 1950’s. 
As stated by Doryshev, there are two major reasons for the increas- 
ing emphasis on aquaculture in the Soviet Union. First, the concept 
that fish populations in the world oceans are infinite is rapidly being 
proved to be an illusion. It is true that reserves of unexploited fish 
could add significantly to total fisheries production, but reserves of 
certain commercially valuable stocks are shrinking considerably in 
recent years, due to overfishing. Second, the accelerated development 
of marine biology, ecology, and engineering has made it possible to 
develop aquaculture as a major component of the economy, like 
agriculture. 
. . . Whether the increased emphasis on aquaculture will be at 
the expense of Soviet fisheries programs is open to speculation. It 
is clear, however, that the Soviet emphasis on aquaculture anticipates 
‘ that the production potential of fisheries will continue to dwindle 
while the demand for fisheries products will continue to increase. 
The Soviets have chosen aquaculture to fill that projected supply- 
versus-demand gap.” (Dodge, pp. 511, 522.) 
10. How have the demands of a deteriorating coastal environment 
been met in the Soviet Union? 
“Environment protection in the Soviet Union appears to be neither 
more nor less advanced than in other industrialized countries . . 
. Pollution of rivers feeding into coastal zones, oil pollution in the 
major seas, and erosion of coastal areas appear to have resulted from 
the demands of economic growth, most of which has occured over 
the past five decades. 
. . . Soviet attitudes toward the environment have changed con- 
siderably, and corrective measures are being taken. If economic 
growth priorities permit, and to the extent that environmental improve- 
ment costs can be assimulated in that process, the Soviet enviroment, 
including its great river basins and coastal areas will show improve- 
ment in the future.”” (Sherman, p. 528.) * 
11. How have the manned and unmanned Soviet programs for un- 
dersea research and technology fared? 
“« . . Soviet ocean policy is truly integrated, unlike the present 
fragmented U.S. programs. The successes of this large and integrated 
policy have been particularly impressive, if not startling, in the past 
two decades. 
. . . What is commonly overlooked, however, is the anomaly of 
Soviet manned and unmanned undersea research and technology pro- 
