at 
grams. For juxtaposed against the successes . . . these programs have 
not kept pace with the Western world, and in particular, the United 
States. 
As in Western countries, the major components of Soviet undersea 
research and technology can, for convenience sake, be subdivided 
into manned and unmanned research submersibles and submarines; 
underwater habitats, and shallow and deep diving by man in the 
open sea or inland waters as associated or distinct from the first 
two categories.” (Dodge, 529.) 
12. What can be expected of the U.S./U.S.S.R. agreement for 
cooperation in oceanography? 
“In summary, the agreement has provided a means of facilitating 
cooperative efforts by the two nations of the world with the most 
extensive interests in the oceans and breadth of related activities. 
By bringing together these capabilities and interests to work coopera- 
tively on problems of mutual interest, the results should benefit all 
mankind... . 
. . . Results from the planned or ongoing studies under the agree- 
ment are expected to further our understanding; (a) of the ocean’s 
influence upon weather and climate and in turn our ability to improve 
weather prediction; (b) of the processes taking place within the oceans 
which are important for fishery assessments, studies of oceanic pollu- 
tion, and environmental forecasts; (c) of the sea floor and the proceses 
which generate continental margins and operate along the midoceanic 
ridges; and (d) of the nature of living resources of the world ocean 
and the processes associated with productivity. It is hoped that such 
results will advance man’s understanding of the potential of the world 
ocean through wise use, as well as his ability to assess the impacts 
of man upon the ocean environment. Such understanding is needed 
by all nations of the world.” (Martineau, pp. 563-564.) 
13. How has the United States dealt with the excessive fishing 
off U.S. coasts in recent years? 
“Cooperation in fisheries between the United States and the Soviet 
Union has its genesis essentially in the desire of both countries to 
seek solutions arising as a result of conflicts of interest over the 
utilization of the ocean’s marine resources off the U.S. coast in inter- 
national waters. .. . 
Despite the success which the United States has achieved recently 
in negotiating a more effective conservation arrangement with the 
Soviet Union, there remain many resource problems of concern to 
the United States. These problems obviously cannot be solved only 
in the context of our bilateral relations with the Soviet Union, since 
the Soviet Union is but one of many countries fishing off the U‘S. 
coast. One of the major problems includes continued overfishing of 
certain species, such as hake and pollock. . . . 
At this point in time, it is manifest that bilateral relationships that 
currently exist with the Soviet Union, and indeed with other countries 
who fish off U.S. coasts, will necessarily have to be responsive to 
whatever outcome there might be in the Law of the Sea Conference.” 
(Nakatsu, pp. 463, 470 and 472.) 
14. What is the relative status of oceanography in the two super- 
powers? 
