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The ministries are criticized, however, because they neither deter- 
mine the main directions of research, nor adequately supervise in- 
stitute activities. Subordinate institutes continue to conduct research 
that appeals to their staff** and display broad powers in defining 
and executing their tasks. Research institutes work with little coordina- 
tion between themselves, or between the institutes and their policy 
supervisors. They will often provide output that is not usable for 
designers or industry. Alexander in his study describes the fragmented 
structure in the aviation industry. Despite the concentration of 
research, design, development and manufacturing in the Ministry of 
Aviation Industry, research is performed by research institutes, design 
and development is conducted in design bureaus and their prototype 
construction shops, and manufacturing takes place in plants not for- 
mally linked with the design bureaus.® There may be a greater degree 
of cohesion in ocean research since each major scientific institute 
has its own engineering departments or design offices and construction 
bureaus for work in equipment and ship design.%® Criticism of the 
usefulness of scientific output continues however, and in the case 
of fisheries, central administrators criticize fishery scientists and claim 
that their work is weak, insufficient, and inapplicable to the tasks 
facing fishery management. Scientists, on the other hand, criticize 
the central administrators for insufficient funding and inadequate 
provisions of equipment. In an article in Oceanology, L. I. Kozlov 
was critical of the Soviet policy of refitting vessels for scientific 
research, rather than designing and building new ships. He stated 
that this is due chiefly to the lack of an engineering center for coor- 
dination and supervision of scientific research vessel development in 
the U.S.S.R. Ministry of the Shipbuilding Industry.8’ Other Soviet 
writers also criticize the design and construction of vessels.*8 
THE MINISTRY OF MARITIME FLEET 
The following section will examine the administration of the Ministry 
of Maritime Fleet (hereafter referred to as MMF) to illustrate the 
complex structure and procedures in one field of ocean management 
and the administrative and policymaking overlap. The maritime fleet, 
as many of the Soviet ocean uses, grew rapidly in the postwar period 
and decisions had to be made concerning investment, planning and 
selecting objectives and appropriate technology.8? The maritime fleet 
interacts with other sectors of the Soviet economy and decisions also 
had to be taken on related domestic and foreign policy aspects. Soviet 
technical literature does not describe the exact structure or ongoing 
84 Editorial ‘The Effectiveness of Science,’ Pravda November 3, 1969. Trans. in Current Digest of 
the Soviet Press, no. 30, November 26, 1969, p. 12. 
85 Alexander, pp. 4-16. 
86 A. D. Dobrovol’skiy (Department of Oceanology, Moscow State University and Deputy Chair- 
man of the Oceanographic Commission) “Fifty Years of Soviet Oceanology,’’ Oceanology no. 5 
(1971) pp. 651-3. Oceanology is the English version of Okeanologiia, the U.S.S.R. Academy of 
Sciences publication. Trans. and ed. Scripta Technica, for the American Geophysical Union. 
87. I. Kozlov, ‘““Administrative needs in the design of scientific-research vessels,’ Oceanology no. 
6 (1969) pp. 892-4. Kozlov in his article criticizes the nonrational organization of the much hailed 
Akademik Kurchatov. He states that the ship is inefficiently organized and gives, as an example, the 
situation where the staff of 81 scientists cannot all work at the same time. 
*8See, for example, I. D. Papanin and Ye. M. Suzyumov, “The Development of the Soviet 
Research Fleet,” pp. 654-9. 
89For a description of the growth of the Soviet maritime fleet, see Robert E. Athay, ‘The 
Economics of Soviet Merchant-Shipping Policy’ (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina 
Press, 1971) and Nicholas G. Shadrin, ‘“‘Development of Soviet Maritime Power” (Ph. D. disserta- 
tion, George Washington University, 1972). 
