251 
regulations, and sometimes, revision of definitions of international legal 
concepts on state activities in the world ocean .. . Scientific- 
technological progress not only creates new institutions, but also has 
a great, impact on the classical institutions of international maritime 
law.””! 
Another collection of articles published under Institute auspices, 
Contemporary International Law of the Sea also examines the theme 
of scientific-technological change and the need for legal regulation.’ 
The study lists trends in ocean development and states that “Soviet 
law of the sea lawyers (iuristy-marinisty) are completely correct in 
emphasizing that world ocean activities are unthinkable without regula- 
tion by progressive legal norms.” !® 
The role of the Academy of Sciences and outside experts in the 
ocean policymaking process is not known. Establishing institutes and 
publishing studies does not signify that experts have access to pol- 
icymakers or influence in policy formulation. It is interesting to note, 
however, that a number of writers whose work is included in Academy 
affiliated studies, have been members of the Soviet delegations to 
the United Nations Law of the Sea discussions. '®* Also, the need 
for expert advice has been repeatedly stressed by the Soviets them- 
selves, and indicates an attempt to integrate technical competence 
into decisionmaking. 
An article by A. Zhudro, Deputy Director of Soiuzmorniiproekt 
and member of the Soviet delegation to the U.N. Law of the Sea 
sessions for example, describes the need for accurate information 
because of the development and growth of international transport 
ties and international economic relations. “‘Naturally, the administra- 
tion of the Soviet maritime fleet, the correct planning and prognostica- 
tion of its activities, and raising its effectiveness is impossible without 
a strict scientific, that is a maximum exact accounting, of these inter- 
national conditions.” '® 
The use of expert advice is very apparent in the case of long- 
term planning. Soviet writers frequently refer to the effects of the 
technological revolution and the importance of long-term planning 
in order to direct and make the best use of the dynamic growth 
of science and technology. The Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., 
the State Committee for Science and Technology, branch scientific 
research institutions of the ministries and agencies, and the Academies 
of the Union Republics are to participate in long-term planning, 
preparing alternative forecasts for scientific-technological progress. An 
article in Planovoe Khoziaistvo, published under the auspices of Gos- 
plan, states that whereas previously scientific institutions participated 
only in the preparation cf preplan materials and the identification 
of possible directions for development, they are now participating 
at all levels of both long-term and the Five Year Plan formation. 
They work in preparing preplan materials, and also in choosing the 
169 _Lazarev and Speranskaia. p. 4. 
161M. I. Lazarev, ed., Sovremennoe mezhdunarodnoe morskoe pravo: Rezhim vod i dna mirovogo 
okeana [Contemporary International Law of the Sea: The Regime of the Ocean Waters and Sea 
Floor].(Moscow: Nauka, 1974) 
162 Ibid., p. 305. 
'63The following writers were on the Soviet United Nations delegations: P. D. Barabolia, G. E. 
Kalinkin, M. I. Lazarev, B. N. Nechaev, S. N. Smirnov, A. A. Volkov. See Appendix. 
164A. Zhudro, “International Navigation and Management of Maritime Transport,’ Vodnyi Trans- 
port, December 18, 1973. 
