264 
requirements had to be considered at the earliest stages of planning. 
Contingency planning demanded a geographical scattering of some. 
activities, the underground duplication of others. And it demanded 
the highest possible degree of standardization and interchangeability. 
Civilian products, such as air, sea and land passenger vehicles, are 
wherever possible dual-purpose, configured so as to meet wartime 
as well as peacetime needs.'* Conversely, military productive capacity 
is designed also to complement and strengthen the civilian sector 
(successfully and extensively in areas such as construction, perhaps 
less sO in areas permeated by security considerations. Therefore, 
Brezhnev’s acknowledgement that 42 percent of the defense industry’s 
output is used for civilian purposes * reflects not only on the privileged 
position of defence in the recruitment of scientific personnel, and 
the productive capacity of defense industries; it reflects also on the 
state of military-civilian integration. 
Externally, Moscow’s appreciation of economic requisites led first 
to a focus on the West’s reliance on overseas suppliers for a variety 
of crucial products, and then later to keen military interest in the 
economic potential of the oceans, and the ocean floor. The former 
focus stimulated naval interest in the problems and potentials of inter-' 
diction, in sea-denial as opposed to sea-control. The latter stimulated 
extensive and well-coordinated military-civilian research efforts, lead- 
ing ultimately to the pursuit of at least some sea-control capabilities. 
The military-societal morale sphere is equally illustrative. The 
requirements of morale and discipline undergo constant public scru- 
tiny, as evidenced by a plethora of literature (ranging from children’s 
books extolling military tradition and glory,’® to sophisticated treatises 
for the expert audience).'? Extensive ‘‘military-patriotic’’ educational 
campaigns bolster military service status and pride.'* Well-publicized 
extra-financial prerequisites ease officer recruitment and retention, 
while considerable improvements also ease the lot of enlisted men 
(quarters for naval personnel, for example, compare favorably with 
U.S. W.W. II standards). Whether or not U.S. reports of a floating 
bordello attached to Soviet Naval facilities in Somalia’® are accurate, 
there is no doubt that the callousness of old, finds little scope in 
the personnel policies of today’s Soviet military establishment. 
Yet the carefully-nurtured prestige of the military has wider ramifi- 
cations. It has led to general acceptance of paramilitary training of 
the civilian populace at large. The preinductive programs, at factories, 
schools and other institutions, have cut inservice training requirements 
(and thus tended to offset a shorter period of conscription). Postser- 
vice programs have focused on acquaintance with the implications 
“The Utilization of Aeroflot facilities during the 1968 Czech intervention provided a prime exam- 
ple. 
‘In his ‘“‘Report to the Central Committee,” the 24 CPSU Congress, p. 77 of Novosti edition, 
Moscow, 1971. 
'§Such as S. Barusdin’s “‘Shiol Po Ulitse Soldat’? (Soldier Walking Down the Street) Izdat. Det- 
skaya literatura, Moscow 1971—with a first edition of 600,000 copies. 
T.e. M. P. Korobeinikov’s “‘Sovremenni Boi i Problemi Psikologi’ (Contemporary Struggle and 
Psycological Problems). 
'® See treatment in C. G. Jacobsen, op. cit.; also i.e. W. F. Scott’s ‘“‘Survival in the Nuclear Age, an 
Examination of a Soviet Concept,” Ph. D., November 1973, George Washington University. 
'?Reported at Dalhousie University’s 1974 Maritime Seminar. 
