22 
As indicated on the chart, this is taken from the ‘“‘Great Soviet 
Encyclopedia” (Bolshaya Sovetskaya Encyclopedia), 3d Ed., Moscow 
se a1 ee 
This chart is included for general reference purposes. 
The Academy of Sciences is the nerve center of Soviet research. 
It should be confused neither with the Academy of Social Sciences 
(which might perhaps best be described as a high prestige higher 
business school); nor with institutions such as the Academy of 
Pedagogical Sciences, the Academy of Medical Sciences, etc. (these 
are lower-level academies of more narrow functional responsibilities); 
nor, finally, with the research bodies attached to individual ministries, 
or i.e. the general staff (these may coordinate some of their work 
with that of particular academy-associated facilities, but such coordina- 
tion is usually limited, and is not indicative of organizational interde- 
pendence). 
The august Academy of Sciences has about 500 full members, 
Academicians, a number of whom have seats also on the Party Central 
Committee or on Central Committee related organs, with some enjoy- 
ing intimate contact with the apex of the Party’s policymaking 
hierarchy (‘‘no accident,” as the Russians are fond of noting). With 
reference to Chart I, it should be noted that the Academy is by 
no means subordinate to the State Committee on Science and 
Technology. Rather; the latter performs a coordinating function. 
Academy of Sciences Institutes (only a few members of which lay 
claim to the ultimate accolade—the title of Academician) cover the 
spectrum of research concerns, ranging from investigations of Latin- 
American socio-political fabrics, through oceanography and geo- 
physics, to laser fusion. Although preeminently civilian in character, 
and in most of its aspirations, the Academy has always been responsi- 
ble for a certain amount of security-related work. Most of the In- 
stitute’s charters allow for security-oriented personnel, facilities and 
tasks. They reflect on the previously discussed comprehensiveness of 
Soviet conceptions of strategy, and political and economic power; 
there has always been and remains tremendous stress on the necessary 
interdependence of civilian and defense-related endeavors. 
Some Academy facilities have always seen close ongoing Central 
Committee supervision and direction. As an adjunct of that relation- 
ship, many have also established more direct ties to some of the 
defense establishments proper. 
For further information see: ‘Analyses of Various Research In- 
stitutes,’’ The Stanford Research Institute’s Strategic Studies Center, 
Arlington, Va., 1975 (Commissioned by the U.S. Government: Con- 
tract No. DAHC15-73-—C—0380; this author participated in its compila- 
tion.) 
