274 
The sources here used represent a cross section of Soviet press 
comments and news releases. See the footnotes attached to the follow- 
ing survey, of the most important research and developmental facilities 
at the disposal of Soviet merchant, fishing and oceanographic fleets. 
And see other sources as noted in the main text. 
The pro forma apex lies in the State Committee for Science and 
Technology. It formally coordinates the efforts of other institutions 
in the field—‘‘the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of 
Fisheries, the Ministry of the Merchant Marine and _ the 
Hydrometeorological Service, all (of which) have central research in- 
stitutes and affiliated departments in the various basins.”’*” In reality 
the Academy of Sciences appears to shoulder the burden of scientific 
responsibilities. The State Committee for Science and Technology ap- 
pears to act mainly as a conduit between the research organs and 
state organs responsible for the practical implementation of theoretical 
advances: it is primarily ‘‘concerned with problems of economic 
development of resources’’.*8 
Academy of Sciences organs central to this investigation are: the 
Geographic Society of the Academy; the Academy’s Oceanographic 
Committee, and iis Interdepartmental Geophysics Committee; its 
Oceanological Institute (which operates some of the finer research 
vessels, such as the Admiral Kurchatov); and its School for Investigat- 
ing the Coastal Areas of the Oceans. The Academy’s concerns are 
far-ranging: during the late sixties scientists at its Kievan branch 
‘developed a new and unusual installation for the extracting from 
sea water of boron, manganese and other so-called trace elements 
needed for plant life. Introduction of these elements into the soil 
considerably raises crop yields.”’ *# 
Academy facilities are made available to the All-Union Institute 
of Sea Fisheries and Oceanography, the State Project-Design and 
Research Institute of Sea Transport, the Main Geo-desical and Carto- 
graphic Administration of the U.S.S.R. Ministry of Geology, and other 
lesser but yet relevant institutions (such as the State Institute of Lake 
and River Fisheries). 
The All-Union Institute of Sea Fisheries and Oceanology coordinates 
the activities of ten fisheries research institutes, and related design 
bureaus. The ten research institutes each possess peculiar experimental 
facilities, and operate their own special research fleets. Their activities 
span all the important fishery basins. The largest of the Institutes 
is the National Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography in 
Moscow. The intensive research efforts have been complemented by 
efforts to insure that lower echelons meet the educational demands 
of modern fishery technology: of the 700,000 plus employed by the 
fishing fleets by the end of the sixties, 75 percent were under 30 
years of age; 80,000 were ‘‘specialists with college and specialized 
secondary education; there are a number of “special nautical 
schools’’, through which new recruits must pass.” 
42 Pravda, May 11, 1969. 
9 Ibid. 
44 Pavlov, op. cit. 
* Lobanov, op. cit. 
