281 
may also present problems, although both Soviets and Japanese have 
had some success with echo sounding equipment. | 
The Soviets have in fact pioneered this resource development in 
more ways than one. As of 1974, their catch reached 200,000 tons, 
with an ambitious commercial marketing program in full gear (the 
Japanese were a distant second, with a catch of 646 tons, and as 
yet no marketing; while other Western nations were only beginning 
to realize the potential). The Soviets were already ‘“‘experimenting 
with methods that do away with nets and utilize filter devices and 
pumps which can suck the krill directly on board, plus artificial lures 
and automatically controlled gear that can sweep large areas of the 
ocean surface.” 7° 
MINERAL 
Yet, the ocean promise is not restricted to biological matter; to 
pursue Soviet testimony: ‘‘Each cubic mile of ocean water (the world 
oceans have 350 million such miles) contains in dissolved form 165 
million tons of solid matter representing almost the entire table of 
chemical elements.”’ °° 
**__Ultrabasic rock—under the (ocean-floor) crust  sub- 
stance—contains concentrated ores of valuable metals, such as 
chromites.— Valuable ores lie—also on the (ocean-floor) surface. In 
many places the bed is literally covered, like cobblestones, with the 
so-called ferro-manganese nodules, which have a higher content not 
only of iron and manganese, but also nickel, cobalt, copper, molyb- 
denum, and some other minerals—the total reserves of ferro-man- 
ganese nodules on the surface of the Pacific Ocean’s bottom alone 
amount to more that 100,000 million tons, but they lie also deeper. 
To get a graphic idea—all the world’s cobalt reserves on land amount 
to approximately a million tons, while there is more than 1,000 million 
tons in the nodules lying on the bottom’s surface alone. —the develop- 
ment of ferro-manganese nodules at great ocean depths will be techni- 
cally fully feasible and economically profitable.” *" 
“drilling to (deep) sea bottom will be of great importance.’’* 
Mineral salts, bromide, magnesium, uranium, gold and platinum are! 
contained in water and can be extracted—‘‘automatic mining and 
concentration factories (will) ply the seas and oceans,—exploit un- 
derwater rocks—(and) extract offshore petroleum even from under 
the Arctic ice.’ 
SCIENTIFIC AIDS 
‘‘_the establishment—of a system of artificial satellites for ocean 
exploration would mean an annual gain for all countries ranging into 
between 900 and 2,000 million dollars—a widely ramified network 
of oceanographic buoys (many of the processes in the ocean can 
be investigated only by continuous stationary observations) * and satel- 
78 Ibid. 
80]. Pavlov., “‘Harvesting Ocean Wealth,”’ Novosti, 202E14563/K. 
81 Zenkevich, op. cit. 
82 A Monin, ‘““Two Thirds of Our Planet,” Pravda, May 11, 1969. 
83 Vinogradov, op. cit. 
84 L. Zenkevich and S. Osokin, ‘“‘Oceanography Today and Tomorrow,” Vodni Transport, May 31, 
1969. 
