429 
especially on larger motherships, are almost luxurious. Each vessel 
has cooks and waiters or waitresses and although the fishermen’s 
work is hard, vacations are long and well-paid. Aboard each mother- 
ship there is a hospital with a surgeon and a dentist in case of 
emergenices. 
FISHERY SCHOOLS 
Since the formation of the Soviet State in 1917, a complex educa- 
tional system for the training of fishery specialists has evolved. 
In Tsarist Russia, there was only one such school—the Fisheries 
Department of the Petrovsk Agricultural Academy with less than 50 
students. By comparison, over 60,000 students in more than 30 schools 
were studying to be fishermen in 1975. 
Soviet writers use the above mentioned statistical comparison to 
document the great improvements over Tsarist Russia. In reality, how- 
ever, the fisheries in most countries prior to 1917 were small local 
industries, limited to coastal waters and a primitive—though often 
effective—technology. In such fisheries, where fathers trained their 
sons in the arts of the trade, large-scale fisheries training was neither 
necessary nor practical. In fact, pre-revolutionary Russia was one of 
the few countries that had a fisheries school at that time. 
With the buildup of a large distant-water fleet, a need for qualified 
fishery experts has developed in the Soviet Union. To operate the 
technologically highly-advanced stern freezer trawlers, or a modern 
automated fish-processing plant, well-trained personnel are required. 
To meet this demand, dozens of fishery training schools were 
established as part of broad educational programs developed after 
World War II and designed to combine technical training with general 
education on the secondary and higher levels. 
Types of Schools 
Fisheries education in the U.S.S.R. fits into the general Soviet edu- 
cational scheme as one of the technical fields in which a student 
may specialize at various points during his education. There are three 
different levels of fishery schools in the U.S.S.R. which may be further 
divided into two different types: 
Level of schools (number of schools) Type of schools (number of schools) 
1. Higher Technical Fisheries Institute (3). 
(Vysshee Texnicheskoe-Uchebnoe Zavedenie). 
ei cherelnstitutess (6) essa eee 2. Higher Engineering Fisheries Institute (2). 
(Vysshee Inzhenemoe Morskoe Uchilishche). 
3. Institute for the Improvement of Qualifications of 
Fisheries Command Personnel (1). 
. Secondary Fishery Schools (15). 
(Morekhodnoe Uchilishche). 
. Secondary Coastal Fishery Schools (10). 
(Tekhnikum). 
é : Eo : 4 
Neesecondany Schools (25) =_s255 5 se 5 
{ 6. Fisheries Trade School (6). 
7 
III. Trade Schools (7) -------.---------- (Morekhodnaia Shkola). 
. Kothkoz Training School (1). 
