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In addition to the above, there are also departments in many Soviet 
universities and scientific research institutes where fishery related sub- 
jects are taught. The All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Fish- 
eries and Oceanography (VNIRO) in Moscow supervises fishery studies 
on a post-graduate, doctoral level. 
The first type of fishery school a student may enter is the Fishery 
Trade School (Group III above), available after graduation from the 
eighth grade. Courses usually last for 1-2 years, but in some trades, 
3 years. The courses taught, the length of training, and the admission 
requirements, are decided upon by the State Committee for Vocational 
Training. Graduates become skilled workers in the Soviet fishing indus- 
try. However, they do not earn a secondary school diploma and thus 
remain low-paid employees. 
Next are the secondary fishery schools (Group II above). These 
are the fishing industry’s specialized secondary schools, the mainstay 
of Soviet fisheries education. In general, these school are of two 
types: 
(1) the Secondary Fishery School which trains high-seas captains, 
navaigators, and other officers, and 
(2) the Secondary Coastal Fishery School which trains students 
for the same positions, but only for coastal and inland fisheries. The 
student may enter after having completed either an 8th- or a 10th- 
grade education. In either case, he graduates from the school with 
a secondary diploma, as well as with techncal expertise. 
The third type of fisheries educational institutions are the higher 
institutes (Group I above). These institutes are the equivalent of U.S. 
universities and colleges, but they specialize in matters related to 
fisheries. Applicants must have completed secondary school to gain 
acceptance. Only a few students advance to this level, the admissions 
procedure is extremely competitive. Institute graduates become the 
economists, gear designers, planners, and managers of the fishing in- 
dustry. 
The Higher Technical Institutes differ from the Higher Engineering 
Institutes mainly with regard to curriculum emphasis. The engineering 
colleges offer general engineering specialties such as vessel mechanics 
and electrical engineering. The technical institutes, however, offer spe- 
cialties with emphasis on the fishing industry, such as commercial 
fishing or technology of fish products. 
Furthermore, full-time students at the Higher Engineering Colleges 
live in dormitories and are provided with uniforms, meals, and a 
monthly stipend. Students at the Technical Institutes, on the other 
hand, do not as a rule receive such “boarding school” benefits unless 
they are graduate students. They do, however, receive a stipend suffi- © 
cient for living expenses which is linked to their academic achieve- 
ment. High achievers receive more, average students less. As with 
the Soviet educational system in general, all tuition is paid by the 
State. 
The Schools for Improving the Qualifications of Fisheries Personnel 
represent the third category of higher fishery educational institutions. 
These ‘‘schools”’ are actually education programs devoted to upgrading 
and updating the skills of the upper echelon among fishery personnel: 
medium-level technicans, captains, mates, and other high-level en- 
gineering personnel. Courses are usually given at enterprise training 
