539 
and Kal’mar (table 3.). In contrast, examples of well designed vehicles 
produced by fisheries concerns include Sever-II, Tinro-II, and the 
towed vehicle Atlant-II (table 1.).44 Certainly the published record 
would seem to bear Dmitriev out. For virtually all major Soviet sub- 
mersibles have been produced for the fisheries industry. In contrast, 
only one of the more than 30 American submersibles has been used 
for fisheries purposes. 
Dmitriev feels that the Soviet Union should embark on a program 
to ‘‘master the sea.’ Toward that goal, he proposes that the construc- 
tion of undersea vehicles be centralized in one agency. He also 
proposes the creation of a “‘unified state interdepartmental organ able 
to decide questions on the development and use of underwater 
technology for the needs of the national economy”. The rationale 
behind these proposals is that ocean engineering and resource develop- 
ment cannot, in his view, be solved in a piecemeal manner. At present, 
the various undersea missions are scattered among many Soviet or- 
ganizations and enterprises which, according to Dmitriev, consider 
mastering the ocean a secondary goal of minor importance.* In- 
terestingly, the same observation has been repeatedly made of the 
administrative condition of American undersea technology programs. 
UNDERWATER HABITATS 
Since the mid-1960’s, the Soviet Union has deployed some 10 
habitats.4*47 All Soviet habitats have been nonnaval and the depth 
to which all of them have been deployed in the Black Sea has not 
exceeded 30 m. The three major habitat programs have been 
‘“‘Chernomor’’, in which two habitats and improved variants thereof 
were deployed between 1968 and 1972.4%°! The ‘‘Sadko”’ program 
between 1966 and 1969 involved the construction of three spherical 
habitats. The ‘“Ikhtiandr’ program involved the development of 
several small structures which were tested between 1966 and 1969.*° 
Finally, the Soviet Union has continued to develop a series of small, 
inflatable habitats of the ‘“‘Sprut” series.*4 The status of the Soviet 
undersea habitat program is summarized in table 4. 
44 Unsigned. Ocean Science News. Jan. 24, 1975. p. 1. 
45 Tbid. 
46 471 bid. 
48 Borovikov, P.A., Brovko, A.M. Podrazhanskiy, A.M. Stefanov, G.A., Yastrebov, V.S. Chernmor- 
2 sealab. Sudostroyeniye (Shipbuilding, U.S.S.R.), No. 7, 1971, 19-20. 
49 Borovikov, P.A., Brovko, V.P., Podrazhanskiy, A.M., Stepanov, G.A. and Yastrebov, V.S. The 
Chernomor-2 underwater laboratory. P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, U.S.S-R. Academy of 
Sciences, 1973, No. 2737-71. 
50Klisurov, L. The Chernomor-2 and the experiment off Cape Maslen Nos. Korabostroene, 
Koraboplavane (Shipbuilding and Cruising, Bulgaria), No. 9, 1973, 26-30. 
51 Podrazhanskiy, A. et al. The March of Chernomor. Moscow, “‘Gidrometeoizdat,” 1973, 187 p. 
52 Deruygin, K.K. and Dzhus, V. Ye. Some results of scientific research work of the underwater 
research laboratory. Oceanology (U.S.S.R.), Vol. 10, No. 5, 1970, 906-910. 
53 Kiklevich, Yu.N. Ikhtiandr-an amphibious man. Leningrad, Hydrometeorological Publishers, 
1971, 219 p. 
54 Danilov, I. Underwater research in the U.S.S.R. Op. cit. p. 274-280. 
