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this foundation of established cooperation in oceanography that the 
agreement is based. 
The agreement itself was an outgrowth of earlier U.S.-U.S.S.R. 
Agreements on Cooperation in the Fields of Science and Technology 
and on Exchanges and Cooperation in Scientific, Technical, Educa- 
tional, Cultural and Other Fields. Under these earlier agreements, 
a group of oceanographers from the United States, headed by Dr. 
William Nierenberg, Director of the Scripps Institution of Oceanog- 
raphy, visited the Soviet Union in 1972. In return, a group of Soviet 
oceanographers, headed by Academician Leonid Brekhovskikh, of the 
Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R., visited the United States later in 1972. 
These visits included tours of facilities and discussions with scientists 
in both countries. From them, a number of research areas of interest 
to the scientists of both countries were identified. These exchanges 
and the resulting areas of joint interest that were identified from 
them were the scientific basis upon which the agreement was 
developed. In the spring of 1973, during the preparations for the 
summit visit of Secretary Brezhnev to the United States, the possibility 
of a formal agreement became apparent and detailed discussions were 
held in May 1973 in Moscow. From these discussions culminated 
the agreement which was signed on June 19, 1973. 
OUTLINE OF THE AGREEMENT 
The Agreement outlines the scientific areas of cooperation between 
the two nations; the methods by which such cooperation is to be 
carried out; and the means for developing and implementing coopera- 
tive activities. 
The initial areas of cooperation denoted under article II of the 
' agreement are: 
Large-scale ocean-atmosphere interaction, including laboratory 
studies, oceanic experiments, and mathematical modelling of the 
ocean-atmusphere system. 
Ocean currents of planetary scale and other questions of ocean 
dynamics. 
Geochemistry and marine chemistry of the World Ocean. 
Geological and geophysical investigations of the World Ocean, 
including deep sea drilling for scientific purposes. 
Biological productivity of the World Ocean and the biochemis- 
try of the functioning of individual organisms and whole communi- 
ties in the World Ocean. 
Intercalibration and standarization of oceanographic instrumen- 
tation and methods. 
There is also the provision for other areas of cooperation to be 
added by mutual agreement. However, as yet, no new areas have 
been added or proposed by either side. 
According to the agreement, the means of carrying out cooperation 
between the two countries is to be through joint research projects 
and programs, through the exchange of scientists, through the 
exchange of scientific and technical information, through jointly spon- 
sored meetings, and through participation in multilateral activities 
sponsored by international scientific organizations. Though these forms 
of implementation vary among the projects now being developed, 
