625 
in the form of catch quotas. The new legislation does provide the 
United States, in principle, with the kind of leverage on the Soviet 
Union that the United States now has in the area of agricultural 
exports. 
Sixth. Although considerable progress has been made in oceano- 
graphic research—especially since World War II—ocean science is 
still a young discipline. The future of naval strategic and conventional 
warfare, marine fisheries, ocean mining, surface and undersea trans- 
portation, and all other uses of the seas will depend greatly on the 
progress made in marine science. For several years during the late 
1960’s and early 1970’s, funding for ocean science in the United 
States barely kept up with inflation. In some years, there was a decline 
in funding by comparison with the preceding year, in constant dollars. 
Inflation, the high cost of ship fuel, and access restrictions imposed 
by a number of foreign countries have put constraints on American 
ocean scientists, at a time when Soviet oceanography is flourishing. 
Financial and other constraints on marine science are likely to have 
an adverse effect on the future of all other ocean activities. 
In 1972, the Soviet Union and the United States signed an agree- 
ment calling for cooperation in world ocean studies. The agreement 
is scheduled for renewal in November 1976. Congressional committees 
are in the process of reviewing the agreement to be sure that the 
program is of mutual interest to the two countries. 
Seventh. The United States leads in most areas of nonmilitary, 
ocean-related technology, such as offshore oil drilling and production 
equipment, deep seabed mining technology, and undersea vehicles. 
Some nonmilitary technology is useful for the military effort; other 
technology is not. Some technology is transferred from U.S. companies 
to the Soviet Union; other technology is transferred by way of third 
countries utilizing U.S. patents. 
The transfer of advanced U.S. technology, in the form of ship 
designs, to Communist countries is a matter of concern. Seabee and 
other ship design technology were sold to shipyards in Western Eu- 
rope, which in turn constructed ships based on U.S. technology for 
the Soviet Union. The U.S.S.R. has been particularly interested in 
roll-on/roll-off and seabee technology from the West. Both roll-on/roll- 
off and seabee vessels are most effective for transportation of military 
equipment. 
Offshore drilling rigs and equipment technology has also been sold 
to the Soviet Union. Access to deep sea drilling technology has been 
provided to the U.S.S.R. as part of the Joides deep sea drilling pro- 
gram. 
While the transfer of marine technology to the Soviet Union has 
many economic and national security implications that go beyond 
the scope of this study, the issue deserves to be studied in great 
detail within the framework of scientific exchanges and foreign trade. 
To maintain preeminence in ocean science arid technology, an aggres- 
sive domestic research and development program, coupled with a 
careful evaluation of cooperative efforts with other nations, may be 
necessary. 
