BIBLIOGRAPHY W72 
D. THE STATISTICAL AND SCHEMATIC BACKGROUND FOR 
SYNOPTIC PRACTICE: 
1. Mean (General) Circulation 
a. Surface Data 
b. Aerological Data 
In this group are chiefly statistical materials to which some interpretation is given; mere 
tabular resulis are not listed except for some remote regions where they are scarce and of 
special value to synoptic workers. The work by Wagner (1930) and Shaw’s “‘Manual’’, vol. 2, 
give adequate bibliographies and summaries of the published aerological data for the world. 
The distinction between surface and aerological data is often arbitrary, but under (b) are 
found only discussions of direct upper-air observations, while under (2) appear both climat- 
ological (surface) data and indirect deductions on the upper air. Discussions of the statistics 
according to moving pressure systems are under D 2, but such often contain material for 
the general circulation, hence is is well to refer to that Section also; likewise see D 3. Also 
some papers under C contain incidental material for this category Ceilings, mean lapse rates, 
wind roses and resultants, upper mean-pressure maps, mean humidity aloft, and mean circu- 
lation patterns aloft. 
2. Average Structure and Movemeni of Cyclones and Anticyclones; 
Medels 
The distinction between this and Sections C, G and D 1 is sometimes arbitrary; however, 
papers devoted primarily to statistical average conditions at the surface or aloft in cyclones 
and anticyclones, to the average or most frequent tracks of same (whether direct or indirect 
cbservations) are included here, while incidental information of this kind appears in many 
papers under the other sections mentioned. A few discussions of one or more situations 
selected or advocated as typical of pressure systems in general or for a given region; all 
schematic or model structures (some papers on typical isobaric maps appear under E), and 
correlations of pressure, temperature and winds aloft, find their place here. Also: structure 
of fronts and inversions, vorticity and solenoid distribution, symmetry points, microbaric waves, 
isallobarie fields, gradient winds, etc. 
3. Air Mass Properties and Correlations 
Statistics of air-mass properties by air-mass types, or by wind directions (see also D 1 
and D 2), their frequencies, geographical ranges, sequences, effects on climate, and correla- 
tions with other geophysical phenomena and the weather type; air mass and frontal 
climatology. 
E. SPECIAL AIDS TO ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING 
1. Charts, Rules, Techniques, Thermodynamics, Formulae, 
Nomosgrams, Tables. 
2. Kinematic Methods 
This is a potpourri to call the attention of the student and practicing synoptic meteorolo- 
gists to various aids and methods of analysis of proven or probable practical value, including 
diagrams, nomograms, rules for forecasting, ete. However, much ephemeral material of this 
sort is omitted, such as codes, obsolete principles, futile “‘tricks’’, etc. Some of the better 
examples of empirical statistical forecasting, indirect aerology over the oceans, and aviation 
problems are included; For the technique of aerological measurements and their reduction and 
evaluation, see the instruction handbooks of the national weather services or Linke’s “Mete- 
orologisches Taschenbuch’’. 
F. HISTORICAL FORERUNNERS OF FRONTAL ANALYSIS 
G. DETAILED ANALYSIS OF SYNOPTIC SITUATIONS 
1. North and Central America 
. North Atlantic and Caribbean 
. North Pacific 
Southern Hemisphere 
. Europe 
. Asia and Asia Minor 
7. Africa (North of the Equator) 
The regional and chronological divisions are for convenience primarily :—1928 marks the 
appearance of Bergeron’s “‘Dreidimensional Wetteranalyse’’, 1937 the transition to isentropic 
analysis (U. S.), and 1935 to the use of divergence principles (Germany), as well as to the 
introduction of radiosondes, with a resulting general modification of purely Bergeronian 
synopties (indirect aerology) towards direct methods. For tropical regions the papers on the 
general circulation (Sect. D 1) and on revolving storms (Sect. A 5) should be considered 
as part of the present category as well. (For mere descriptions of weather phenomena see 
works on general meteorologv). For U. S., Germany, and Russia, where aerological data are 
regularly available, mostly only the studies based on more or less upper-air analysis are included. 
au WN 
(Outline. continued, next page) 
