191 
Iceland was one of the first to establish the 12-mile limit. The 
British accepted it because they did not want to have any trouble 
with it. It affected them a great deal. You have these local things 
~ that come up. 
Who owns the seabed? Who owns what is on the bottom of the 
sea? This is again being agitated. Heretofore, we have said if it is 
attached to the bottom of the sea, the nation that is alongside of it 
controls it. So, sponges are not subject to some of this, but you could 
not ¢o into the fishing ground. 
We had trouble in the Pacific Northwest with the salmon fishing. 
The United States and Canada entered into a very fine and firm treaty 
to protect the salmon that come out of the Pacific Northwest rivers. 
They got along very well until, all of a sudden, we limited the take 
of all this. Japanese fishing ships would show up off the coast and 
keep out 3 miles. They put canneries on their ships and took the 
salmon. We got the Japanese to agree not to fish east of the 140th 
meridian. Then, all of a sudden, Russian ships with half a dozen 
trawlers would come in. 
Before World War II, the Japanese fishing vessels used to show up 
off the coast of California and send in small boats to take abalone off 
the shore. They would come in in the fog. Our vessels would go out 
there, but what could they do? They could not shoot at them. You 
were not certain whether they were boats from our country. We pro- 
tested, but all the protesting in the world did not do any good. 
The Japanese are now quite conscious of pollution. When they talk 
of disposing of atomic wastes off the shores of Japan, the Japanese, 
not having the technicians to do it, hired the Piccards, the French 
company, Piccard being one of the great oceanographers of the day. 
They found up-wellings caused by sea mounts that brought the bottom 
water to the surface. The Japanese were no longer interested in dis- 
posing of atomic waste off their shores. 
You have a tremendous problem before you. I am very happy to 
see that you are working on it. I think we should have been working 
on it long before this. 
I must confess that perhaps I should have had some bills in. It is a 
big problem, and I wish you well in it, and I hope you keep after it 
until you begin to get some work done on it. I urge that you continue 
to press the State Department and the United Nations for action in 
this field. You have some very competent people on your staff who 
know how to get. some of these things done. 
Years ago, Mr. Casey was a consultant to the committee when I 
was on it. He is quite knowledgeable and competent in this field. 
I thank you. 
Mr. Diner. Mr. Chairman, it has been a happy experience for me 
to have the privilege of having you back here again, even if it is to 
sit on the other side of the witness table. I want you to know for me, 
at least, it brings back some particularly warm and happy memories 
of the long and pleasant association you and I shared here when we 
served together on this committee. 
We thank you for your testimony. We look to you for help when 
this matter is presented by the committee to the floor for consideration. 
Mr. Karth? 
