36 
A proposal to integrate the planning and regional development 
processes has been offered by F. Stuart Chapin.’ For each metropolitan 
area he proposes that a metropolitan area general plan be developed.* 
Under Chapin’s scheme, the general plan and a development “in- 
strumentality” of some kind would be made operational through a 
metropolitan area public works program and urban development 
code covering zoning, subdivision, and housing regulations. This 
program would take into account the fact that: | 
* * * The provisions of public services in strategic locations 
can be used to divert growth into certain predetermined areas, 
and: the withholding of public services can have the effect of 
dissuading development in other areas. The programming of 
public works and improvements and the budgeting and building 
of public facilities in particular locations, of course, is a related 
and a very fundamental lever in the followthrough on plans and 
policies for shaping growth.? 
His plan would provide for different mixes of regulations and public 
investments in areas at different stages of urban development. In 
Massachusetts, the annual budget of the Commonwealth is close to 
$1 billion per year and the carefully planned investment of these 
funds in public improvement could have a substantial impact on the 
pattern of urban growth.”° 
A second proposal calls for the establishment of metropolitan special 
districts that could plan and install certain critical components of the 
urban infrastructure. These would include transportation facilities, 
open space, and utilities. This presumes that metropolitan expansion 
is largely determined by the location of capital facilities, both public 
and private. By controlling the critical investments, growth could be 
diverted without the need for anew agency to assume the responsibility 
for traditional zoning and subdivision controls.” 
In 1960 a suggestion was made that a new type of special district— 
a suburban development district—be established. The basic power of 
the suburban development district would be an authorization from 
the State to acquire all land within its boundaries through purchase 
or option. The power of eminent domain would not be granted.” 
Another similar proposal designed primarily to preserve open space in 
metropolitan areas was proposed in 1961 by Jan Krasnowiecki and 
James Paul.” They proposed that ‘metropolitan development com- 
missions” be established which would operate through an adaptation 
of the British system of nationalization of development rights.“ 
+ ins and Needs,” 0p. oe Techniques for Shaping Urban Growth” in “‘Urban bible Prob- 
° Thid., p. 224. 
10 Proposed Study: ‘‘A Public Investment Plan for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,” first staff 
Reyes Lee ee pueicnal Commission, Publication No. 799, September 1967, p. 21. 
, e Problem of Special Districts in American Government” (Washington, D.C., U.S. Govern- 
ment Printing Office), 1964. 
Me eS Clawson, “Suburban Development Districts,” Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 
18 Jan Krasnowiecki and J ames Paul, ‘The Preservation of Open Space in Metropolitan Areas,” Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania Law Review, vol. 110, No. 2, Dec. 19, 1961. i P i ‘ 
14 That system has been described as follows: 
(a) When the area to be preserved or developed for open space purposes has been chosen, through pro- 
cedures and within a governmental structure which best assure maximum benefit to the community, 
the properties in the area are valued; 
(6) The valuation is based on the same principles and is accomplished under the same procedure as is 
par Ptaaagee of Pee oe ete of inst compensation in condemnation; 
values thus established for eac 0) i = 
dagtiant butuoriiy, property in the area are guaranteed to the owner by the gov 
(d) The aggregate of those guarantees for the whole area is equal to the compensation which would be 
payable if the whole area were condemned in fee‘on the date when the open space program goes into 
effect; the fee, of course, is not condemned; instead; detailed regulations controlling the uses of the prop- 
erty for open space purposes are imposed against the guarantees; to the extent that such controls depress 
