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and cost-benefit analysis (based on willingness-to-pay) as effective 
measures of the public interest. The important point is that some 
determination must be made, both at the Federal and the State levels, 
before we can claim that the new framework for coastal zone allocation 
is better than the old one of the private market and local political 
decisionmaking. 
Having warned of the dangers of interstate side effects and the 
need to determine carefully the public interest, let us now attempt 
to outline the roles of the State and Federal Governments in a sound 
coastal land use management system. 
The State role 
The role of the States in coastal zone management is recommended 
to be as follows: 
(1) To assume primary responsibility for the planning and implementation of a 
comprehensive coastal land use management plan to bring about effective utiliza- 
tion of shoreline resources most consistent with the values and interests of national, 
regional, State, and local society. 
(2) To establish some form of coastal zone authority empowered to develop 
a master plan for coastal and and water management and to implement this 
plan through the use of any legal means, such as zoning, permits, licenses, eminent 
domain, easements, acquisition, issuance of bonds, ete. 
(3) To develop a master plan that has the following characteristics: 
Sets forth desired goals and objectives consistent with the values of society on a 
local, State, regional, and national level; 
Establishes guidelines for the determination of the public interest consistent 
with similar efforts at the Federal level. 
Provides a mechanism by which decisions can be made regarding the most 
efficient allocation of coastal resources among the competing uses and needs of 
industry, recreation, commerce, transportation, residential development, wildlife 
and natural area protection, etc., based on the established goals and guidelines 
for the determination of the public interest. 
Provides for coordination and cooperation in the development of the plan with 
local, State, regional and Federal agencies and any other public or private organi- 
zations with a vested interest in coastal land use management, and is consistent 
with planning efforts at all the various governmental levels. 
Provide up-to-date inventories and evaluations of the status of shoreline 
resources within the State’s jurisdiction, including the accessibility and suitability 
of beach, marsh, and bluff areas for various uses. 
The Federal role 
The role of the Federal Government in land use management in the 
coastal zone is recommended to be as follows: 
(1) To provide the overall political framework within which the 
planning efforts of the individual coastal States and the various 
Federal agencies can be coordinated in the development of an 
efficient land use program that is compatible with not only state- 
wide, but also regional and national interests and values. 
This first function of the Federal Government in land use manage- 
ment in the coastal zone entails substantial responsibilities. These 
responsibilities come directly from the need to coordinate the planning 
activities at the State levels and to resolve serious conflicts that might 
lead to grossly inefficient allocation of resources due to the existence of 
statewide secondary (parochial) benefits. The key concept here is 
coordination; since many of the problems of coastal land use manage- 
ment are inherently regional in nature, it is not enough to stop at the 
establishment of State coastal authorities in the formulation of a 
political framework. While such authorities seem to provide an effective 
means to overcome the problems attendant upon local decisionmaking 
