143 
(2) To help establish uniform goals and objectives that are an 
effective articulation of the values of society at all levels, and to 
set forth consistent guidelines for the State to follow in the formula- 
tion of coastal land use management programs that will lead to 
the achievement of these objectives. 
This implies that it is not sufficient to assume that the States on an 
individual basis can provide mechanisms through which decisions as to 
the most beneficial allocation of a particular coastal resource can be 
made. The States must have the capacity to make decisions based not 
only on intrastate values, but also on regional and national interests. 
Yet the orientations of different States toward what is really in the 
national and regional interest are likely to be widely divergent and 
heavily biased by the particular values of the people of each State. 
The other implication is that the States need help in determining how 
to measure and weigh the values of the people within their own juris- 
diction. This gets back to the ideas of representative political consensus 
and cost-benefit analysis as effective articulations of the public interest. 
The failure of any one State to handle this crucial issue in a successful 
way would necessarily have a deleterious effect on an entire region due 
to the intraregional nature of land use management problems. To assist 
the States in activities of this sort, the proposed national land use 
agency should support in-depth investigations into a number of sub- 
stantive issues of concern regarding coastal land use management with 
the purpose of ‘establishing guidelines in the following areas: 
(a) How to make decisions in the public sector that involve trade- 
offs between quantifiable economic benefits and nonquantifiable eco- 
nomic values. 
(6) How to deal with circumstances in which trade-offs between 
basic rights in a free democratic society seem unavoidable; that is, 
the right to own, control, and develop personal property versus the 
right to swim at an ocean beach or explore a rocky bluff. 
(ec) How to eliminate as many conflicts in land use as possible 
through the implementation of innovative technology, for example, by 
encouraging the siting of electric powerplants or other industrial 
complexes at off shore locations rather than im ecologically fragile 
estuarine zones.” 
(d) How to include both the quantifiable and nonquantifiable 
values of regional and national society in the decisionmaking process 
at the State level. 
(ec) How a regionwide plan, once determined, might effectively be 
implemented using the legal tools at the disposal of each individual 
State; that is, effluent discharge fees, zoning, easements, et cetera. 
This completes the outline of a new political framework for the 
allocation of shoreline resources and the management of land use in 
the coastal zone. Let me now turn to a comparison of these concepts 
with those set forth in the coastal zone bills cited previously. 
It seems clear that while the various coastal zone management 
bills now under consideration have established the role of the States 
in a substantive way, they have at the same time ignored the most 
57 D. W. Duesik, “Offshore Siting of Electric Power Plants”, Jan. 15, 1971. See accompanying article, 
this publication. 
57-242—71—_—_12 
