229 



Seven years aj?o it Avas decided that it would be wise to have a small 

 submersible of considerably more mobility than the Ti'lente to go down 

 and take people down in the ocean for explorinjr it. Out of this con- 

 cept, with Navy support and the important backing of my distin- 

 guished colleague this morning, funds were made available and the 

 little submersible Alvin was built. Fundamental technology w^as in- 

 volved in building such a submarine. 



There was some research involved, but in a very minor way. Once 

 this tool was available to us, then it became, as I indicated in my first 

 point, an important tool for research. 



This I think does illustrate the interweaving of technology and re- 

 search and how both depend one on the other and both are important 

 to each other. 



There are many other examples of technology. You get into the fish- 

 ing business. Most of this is development of engineering techniques, 

 and technology. 



Mr. Downing. Thank you. 



Mr. Mosher? 



Mr. MosHER. Mr. Chairman, it seems to me that Dr. Fye's statement 

 is very encouraging and very useful, particularly useful to us in help- 

 ing our understanding of what we face, and his emphasis on the sorting- 

 out of priorities for us is important. 



I like the way he starts his statement and ends it. On the top of 

 page 2 he suggests that he and the other experts that are before us can 

 offer us assistance but that it is up to us on the committee to give the 

 ultimate action and implementation, and on the final pages of his re- 

 port he says that now is the moment to take the initiative, and I cer- 

 tainly agree with that sense of urgency. 



Dr. Fye, in discussing the history of your own institution and the 

 important reliance your institution has had on Federal support, I am 

 wondering what portion of the Federal grants and contracts you have 

 had have dealt specifically with military and defense matters as dis- 

 tinguished from so-called civilian uses of the ocean. 



Dr. Fye. Mr. Mosher, the ratio between military applications and 

 desire to learn more about the oceans for civilian uses has varied over 

 the years and, as you well know, these are intermixed. One finds some- 

 thing that may be useful to the Navy today and tomorrow will be of 

 interest in civilian uses. 



When I became Director of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti- 

 tution in 1958 our best estimate was that about a third of the work 

 was classified and thereby tagged as of direct application to the Navy. 



Around 65 to 70 percent of the work was supported by the Na\y, 

 primarily from ONE. That ratio has shifted for many other reasons 

 over these last 11 years. 



Our classified work is down very considerably. The estimate today 

 would be 3 to 5 percent. The support by the Navy has increased but not 

 in proportion to the total increase in our operating budget so that the 

 support from the Navy now is about half the total support. 



Some of the types of work which were classified 10 years ago are no 

 longer classified. We look at the oceans as an interesting, complex 

 system about which we must learn everything we can within our capa- 

 bility. We believe very strongly that this knowledge will be of impor- 



