343 



But there was an optometrist. He said, "I fix." And he ground the 

 contact lenses for the bull and, "The bull was very, very much a 

 champion-type bull and can tell the difference immediately between 

 the picador, the matador, and the cuspidor, but he cannot see the grass 

 and die." 



So that the presence of the eyes and the ears is very important and 

 I am delighted to hear the gentleman emphasizing the importance of 

 missions because I concur in that statement. 



Thank yon, Mr. Chairman. 



Mr. Lennon. Thank you, Mr. ITanna. 



The gentleman from Michigan, Mr. Ruppe. 



Mr. EuppE. Thank you. Thank joii for your very informative state- 

 ment. On the first page you mentioned the use of nonexplosive sources 

 of seismic energy. I wonder if you would comment on that a little. 



Mr. Beckmakx. In what regard ? What they are ? 



Mr. Ruppe. Right; what they are and a little bit on the technique 

 used. 



Mr. Beckmann. Well, there is a family of them now. Basically the 

 principle is that of making a small noise or many small noises and add- 

 ing the echoes up from these many small noises rather than using one 

 large explosion. 



The devices are used in reflection techniques which are used to de- 

 termine structure beneath the ocean bottom and, working very sim- 

 ilarly to the echo sounder, provide a chart which provides a graph 

 of the layers beneath the ocean bottom. 



There have been a dozen or so sound sources that have been used. 

 These include the Sparker, which is simply a small spark discharge 

 in the water, a gas exploder which is a small explosion of oxygen and 

 propane, and there are a few mechanical ones, the Hydrosein, the 

 Vibroseis, and the air gun, but the basic principle is that of making 

 many small explosions and using computers to add up the many small 

 explosions to replace one large one. 



Mr. Ruppe. The explosion used does not affect the fish population 

 in any way. 



Mr. Beckmann. That is correct. 



Mr. Ruppe. I am not clear on the distinction between marine pro- 

 tein concentrate and fish protein concentrate. 



Mr. Beckmann. Marine protein concentrate is a trade name of our 

 company and fish protein concentrate is the generic term. 



Mr. Ruppe. I wonder if you might give me an indication of the type 

 of work in general and the goals of tJie effort behind the work of the 

 two vessels mentioned, the Anton Bruun and the Eltanin. 



Mr. Beckmann". The Anton Bnmn program : The primary objective 

 was to contribute to our understandings of the life cycle of the fish 

 and plankton of the Indian Ocean to determine whether or not there 

 is a possibility of an economic fisheries in the Indian Ocean. 



Mr. Ruppe. Were you able to go far enough with this research pro- 

 gram to make a final determination as to the potentials of the fishery ? 



Mr. Beckmann. I believe the answer to that is yes, but the problem 

 is who is going to fish it. Of course, most of the Indian Ocean lies 

 adjacent to India and fishing bases could be set up in India and de- 

 veloped. That becomes a very difficult thing to do as compared to the 

 problem of figuring out the ecology of the ocean. 



