479 



Hugo D. Freudenthal, Long Island University, East Meadow, New York. 



George F. Greene, Jr., Abbott Laboratories, Hicksville, New^ York. 



Gilbert V. Levin, Biospheries Research Institute, Washington, D.C. 



Ross F. Nigrelli, Osborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences, New York Aquarium, 

 Brooklyn, New York. 



George D. Ruggieri, S.J., Osiborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences, New York 

 Aquarium, Brooklyn, New York. 



Finidlay Russell, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Los Angeles County Hospital, 

 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. 



Paul Saunders, Marine Sciences Program, University of Southern California, 

 Los Angeles, Oaliforaia. 



John Sieburth, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 

 Kingston, Rhode Island. 



Heber W. Youngken, Jr., College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 

 Kingston, Rhode Island. 



DEFINITION OF "MAEINE BIOMEDICINE" 



The term "marine biomedicine" as used in this presentation is concerned with 

 such disciplinary areas as marine biochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, 

 toxicology, nutrition, microbiology, physiology, epidemiology, taxonomy, ecology, 

 pathology, ethnobiology, medicine, marine biomedical literature documentation 

 and retrieval, hionics, technology and instrumentation that have a bearing on na- 

 tional and international marine-derived solutions to health problems. Although the 

 aforementioned areas appear to be of greatest concern, marine biomedicine is 

 not necessarily limited to these subjects. In brief, marine biomedicine is con- 

 cerned with those aspects of the total marine biotope that have both a direct 

 and indirect bearing on man's health and welfare. 



INTERNATIONAL SCOPE OF MAEINE BIOMEDICINE 



International cooperation in the scientific study and use of the sea and its 

 biomedical resources is imperative for the following reasons : 



The world ocean covers 71 percent of the earth's surface. Most countries have 

 sea coasts and make some use of the sea, although national jurisdiction extends 

 over only a small fraction of the ocean's area ; the remainder is common prop- 

 erty. The waters of the world ocean and their contents intermingle without serious 

 restraint. Many oceanic processes are of large scale and are driven 

 by forces of planetary dimension. The organisms inhabiting the sea are influenced 

 by these processes and forces, and their distribution, abundance and behavior 

 are often influenced by events occurring far beyond the territorial limits 

 recognizjed by man. 



(FAO Fisheries Rept. No. 41, Suppl. 3, October, 1967.) 



In this regard, it is recommended that a national marine biomedical program 

 should be global in scope and integrated with the international cooperative efEorts 

 of such organizations as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United 

 Nations, World Health Organization, Sieentific Committee on Oceanic Research, 

 International Biological Program, International Council for the Exploration of 

 the Sea, and other international agencies. A more detailed report of the recom- 

 mendations of these organizations appears in a booklet entitled "International 

 Ocean Affairs ; A Special Report of the Joint ACMRR/SCOR/WHO (AC) work- 

 ing group on the Implementation of the United Nations Resolution on the Re- 

 sources of the Sea" published in FAO Fisheries Reports No. 41, Suppl. 3, FRM/ 

 R41 Suppl. 3 (En), Rome, October 1967. 



In order to fulfill the need for protein for the world's burgeoning populations, 

 many countries including the USA will have to augment drastically both agri- 

 cultural and marine resources. If it is decided to increase the harvesting and to 

 start the herding of marine animals, then it is essential to study not only the 

 health safety of potential food species but also the organisms in their food chain 

 which are potential contributors to biotoxicity and pathogenicity in man. 



RECOMMENDATION FOE A SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT APPROACH 



It is recommended that a systems management approach be used in order to 

 avoid useless duplication of effort and funding. The systems approach has been 

 used with much success in the development of the space program, and it is be- 

 lieved that it would contribute materially to the successful operation of the pro- 



