I'll'ID.K THH WOODPECKKHS. 537 



tliis respect only, wliili- nn adult t'l'male, IVtiiu Wasliiii!:;ton, I). ('. (Xo. lL',ii(J(i, 

 C. Drcxlcr), lias tliu lowi-r ]>art of tlu' tlivoat mucli mixed with red. 



Taking next tlio speeinuMis from the liocUy Mountains and Middle I'rov- 

 inco of tlic United Stat(;s (X niirlialis), we (iud tiiat (ill the speeimen.s pos- 

 sess hoth these additional amounts of tlie veil, there heing always a reil, in- 

 stead of dirty-white, nuelial erescent, wiiih' in the female tiie lower [)art of 

 tile throat is always more or hiss red ; in addition, the male has the red ^^^ 

 the throat reaching laterally to the white stripe, thus interrupting the l>lack 

 malar one, which is always unliroken in the eastern form ; and in addition, 

 the anriculars are fre([Ut;ntly mixed with n-d. rroceeding towards the ( 'oluni- 

 bia liiver, we find the red increasing, or escajiiug the limits to which it is 

 confini'd in the normal i»attern, staining the white and black areas in ditt'er- 

 eiit i)laces, and tingeing the whitish which liordei"s the black jiectoral area. 



Lastly, in the series from the racific coast (A', nihrr), we find tlie whole 

 normal pattern rendered scarcely definable — sometimes entirely obliterated 

 — by the extension of the red, which covei-s continuously the whole head, 

 neck, and lireast ; but nearly always the normal ])attern may be traced, the 

 feathers of the normally black areas being dusky beneath the surface, and 

 those of the usual white stripes very white for the concealed jiortion. 

 Usually, in this form, the red of the breast covers only the black pectoral 

 area ; but in extreme spetMinens it reaches back to the middle of the l)ody 

 beneath, and stains the white spots of the back. 



With the increase of the red as we proceed westward, then; is also a ile- 

 crease in the amount of ■ ite above ; thus, in rurina the whole back is 

 irregularly spotted with ilirLy white and black, — -the former predominating, 

 the latter most consjiiciujiis as a medial, broken broad stripe, — and the 

 lateral tail-feathers are much variegated by white spots. In niirlidlis the 

 back is mostly unbroken glossy-black, with two parallel narrou' strijies of 

 white converging at their lower ends; and the lateral tail-ftnither is almost 

 wholly black, having merely a narrow white border toward the end. S. rnlur 

 is most like nuclKdia, but has the white still more restricted. 



In v(trii(!i the bill is dark brown, in niichdlls it is deep black, and in rnJirr 

 wax-brown. In rnrius the yellow of the lower parts is deepest, in ntichalis 

 just appreciable. 



Species and Varieties. 



Ai Wing with iv white patch on the niiddio and greater coverts. Maikings 

 along tlio sides with a lonuilndinal toiidenoy. 



1. S. variiiB. IJack vai-legated nu'dially with hi-ownish-white ; secon<l.'ii'ios 

 with tl'ansvcr.sc rows of white spots. 



White (ijiil hhirh stripes on side of head shar/di/ dejined. as is also 



the hliiric jtertoriil erescent. lied eDuJhied to isiddted pdtehes, — tirn 



hri/e ones, one on. the ennru and one nn the throat; irhe.n there is 



wore, Old// n tini/e on tlie aiirirnlars. and a erescent on nape. 



Crown soinelinies gh)ssy lilack willioiit a traci' of red on the fcinide ; 



no tingo of .scarlet on tlie nape. Ked of the throat entirely eonlined 



vol.. n. O.S 



