AH'KNDIX. 



581 



Legs {Continual). 

 116 



Toes (Digiti). Ihc, usually four, sometimes three, very rarely two, articulated portious 

 olthc leg liin-ed on the lower extremity of the tarsus. When all four are present, one 

 is usually behind, sometimes two betbro, and two IxOiind. 



117. Top of toes (Arraliicliilum). The up|)er surface of the toes individually. 



118. Soles of toes {//i/jH^lacti/lum). The lower or plantar surface of the toes indi- 



vidually. 



119. Side of tnes {Parmlwli/lum). The sides, in any way distinguished from the 



soles. 



120. Phalanges. The several bones eomposiiifj a toe. 



121. Claw (['ni/iies). The horny tips sheathinj; the last joint of the toes. 



122. Claw joint {fihi:u)n;/L/iiuiii). The terminal lK)ne of the toe, carrying; or armed 



with the elaws. 



123. Pads ( Ti/luri). The swellings or bidbs on the under side of tlie phalanges. 

 Those Toes arc 



124. Anterior which are directed forwards; 

 •2.'». Posterior, directed backwards ; 



126. Exterior, on the outer side of the foot ; 



127. Interior, on the inner side of the foot ; the 



128. Middle toe is the centrid of three toes dircpte(' fonvarda. 



129. Hind toe (//,i//«j). The single toe directed backwards. This is homologically 



the tiist or great too directed backward. It is 



130. Insistent {/«^•^^^«.s•), when the tip at least touches the ground, but the base raised 



above the level of the rest ; 



131. Incumbent (/»r/,,«^m), when its whole under surface touches the ground ; and 

 133. Elevated (.Urahis ; mimtas), when raised so high that the tip does i;ot touch the 



ground at all. 



133. Unarmed toe [Digitus m„l,r„s). Toe without a claw. The tarsus is unarmed 



when without a spur. 



134. Fringed toe (AV///h.s Ah;,,,//,,,,,,). A lateral membranous margin to the toes. This 



135. Fringe {Lomti) may be 



136. Continuous (,to,/,n„«,h), or 



137. liObed or Scolloped {Mmiiini). 



188. Membrane (/'«/„»,-,). A skin cither soft or covered with scales or feathers con- 



necting two adjacent toes together at the base, and sometimes extending to or 

 Iwyond their tips. The foot so constructed is called 

 139. Palmate (/«/«,„/„.,) when the anterior toes only are so connected and 



141. Oared (.!>Ve/«„o/„,.s), where all the toes, inelnding the hinder, are so connecte.l in 



the cormorants, etc. The feet nuiy be half, or semipalmate ; entirely or toti- 

 palniatc. 



Note. In tho usual arrangement of the toes, of throe before and one bcl,l,„l. the binder corresponds 

 to the sreat toe of man, or the fn-st; the inner anterio,- is the second; the middle is tlie third- and the 

 outer IS the lourth. When the toes are in pairs or two I.efMre and two behin.l. it is the onlcr or fnnrth 

 toe that IS turned baekwnr.ls, as is the woodpeckers. In the Trouons, l„,wever, tl,e inner toe is revered 

 W ith scarcely nn exception in birds, the hinder or first toe has two joints: tlic inner cid ) has tlnee' the 

 middle (3d) has four; and the outer (4th) has (ive, or a fcrnuda of 2.3.4.5. In the tvpienl Canvl- 

 mulgula, the outer toe has only four phalanges the Ibnnnia being 2.3.4.4. I'ii.allv, in some Cy,„eli,/ct 

 (Cypselu, and Pnnytila), we have the inid.lle and outer toes with three |oints onlv each, the lonnnia be- 

 ing 2.3.3.3. When there arc but three toes, the hinder or lirst is wanting; the ostrich ( Strulhio) has but 

 two toes, lackins! the first and .second. 



