PlIALACllOCORACIDiE — THE CORMORANTS — PHALACROCOUAX. 151 



Siiniliir to the above, but tufts of the lieml wmitiiij?, nnil the bare skin of the lores, jjular pouch, 

 etc., ilt't'i> yellow instead of <)runj,'e, and the blue of the mouth nnd eyelids absent. Yumifj, Jiral 

 jiliimuye : Head and neck tjiayish brown, lighter next to the gular sac, darker on the crown and 

 najie ; baok, scapulars, and 

 wiiijjs, dull brownish gray, 

 till' leathew bordered with 

 dusky brown ; rump dusky 

 lii'iiwn ; primaries and tail 

 dull ^Tuyish black ; lower 

 \rA\-\* light fawn-color, dark- 

 er on the sides, anal-re- 

 gidii, uuil crissum. Bill dull 

 lirownish yellow, nearly 

 black on the culmen ; gular 

 sac deep chrome yellow ; 

 iris greenish gray ; legs and 

 feet deep black. Yuung, in 

 winter: Similar to the above, 

 but throat, jugulum, and 

 breast paler, sometimes (juito 

 white. 



T:)tal length, about 29 

 to 'S.i inches ; e.xtent, 45 to 

 ■)■) ; w.ing, 11.20-14.(H) ; tail, 

 T). (1(1-8.50 ; culmen, 1.90- 

 i'..').") ; tarsus, 2.05-2.90 ; 

 longest toe, 3.05-3.75. (A 



P. dilophus, nuptial dress. 



marked increase of size to the northward.) 



A very careful e.\aminutio!i and comparison of more than fifty examples of these birds, very 

 dearly proves the identity of the three supposed species respectively called by authors P. dilo- 

 phus, P. floruhmm, and P. cincinnatm, the latter representing a very marked gcjraphical modi- 



ticat-ion of color ; the 

 so-called yfonWajiwa, on 

 the other hand, rejire- 

 senting merely a slight 

 modidcation of size. 

 The examination in 

 question shows the 

 geographical variation 

 in this species to be 

 of two kinils, viz. : (1) 

 A more or less marked 

 increase of size to the 

 northward, and (2) a 

 gradual change from 

 uniform glossy black 

 nuptial crests, in east- 

 ern birds, to crests 

 entirely pure white, or 

 with merely a slight 

 admixture of black, 



Iwre space on the head, and gular sac, rich orange. Feet and claws black." "P. floridanus : " — " Adult 

 male, in s])ring : Upper mandible black, along the basal margins bright blue ; lower bright blue, curiously 

 spotted with ■ '. Iris light green, margins of eyelids light blue, spotted with white. Bare space on 

 tile head and , r sac ricii orange. Feet and claws grayish black." 



P. dilophits cincintiatus, nitptial dress. 



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