524 



THE DIVING I3IRDS — PYQOPODES. 



Fratercula arctica. 



THE COMMOH PUFFIN. 



Alca nrctica, Linn. S. N. I. 1758, 13, no. 3; id. 12, 1. 1706, 211, no. 3. 



FnUcrculaarcliai, Stei>iiens, Shaw's Oi-n. Zool. XIII. 18i!5, 37. — Cuueh, Pr. Diilnil. Acad. 1868, 



21 ; Key, 1872, 340 ; flieck List, 1873, no. 618 ; od. 2, 1882, no. 854. — BuiiEAU, Bull. Soc. 



Zool. Franw, 1878, jd. iv. fi<,'s. 1-5. — liinfiW. Nom. N. Am. H. 1881, no. 743. 

 Mormon arctica, Naum. Isis, 1821, 783, pi. 7, ligs. 5-7. — Nutt. Man. II. 1834, 548. — Aud. Orn. 



Biog. III. 1835, 105, pi. 213 ; oct. ed. VII. 184, pi. 404. — fAss. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 



903. — BaiiU), Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, no. 715. 

 Mormon fratercula, Tem.m. Man. 1820, 933. —Gould, B. Kur. V. 1837, pi. 403. 

 Alca dcleia, Buunn, Oni. Bor. 1764, 2.'>, no. 104 (= young). 

 Alca labradoria, Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 550, no. (= young). 

 Mormon polaris, Buehm, Isis, 1826, 985. 

 Mormon Grabce, Buehm, ViJg. Deutschl. 1831, 999. 



Had. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, as far as Southern Greenland ; south in winter 

 to Atlantic States, an<l breeding' as far south as France and the Iky of Fumly. 



Sp. Char. Adult, in breediwj-season : Pileuni fuligiiious-du.sky, inclining' to brownish slate, 

 darker along the lateral margin, lighter anteriorly, the forehe.id sometimes almost ashy ; rest of 

 the head, including chin and throat, light ashy, the throat with a darker suffusion on each side ; 

 broad collar across foreneck fuligiuous-dusky, growing gradually black on sides of ueck, the nape 



/'. arctica, winter adult. 



and entire upper parts uniform deep black. Lower parts white, the aides (Ijeneath wings) gray- 

 ish fuliginous ; lining of wings light smoky gray. " Bill with the basal rim and the first ridge 

 cf the upper mandible dull yellow, the intervening space grayish blue ; basal margin of lower 

 mandible bright red ; first ridge and intervening space as in the upper, the rest bright red 

 (carmine tinged with vermilion) ; membrane at the base of the gape gamlioge-yellow, inside of 

 mouth, and tongue, yellow ; edges of eyelids vermilion, horny appendages of eyelids grayish blue ; 

 iris light blue ; feet vermilion, claws black"' (Audubon). Adult, vnnter plumage: Similar to 



' " Adult (hrceding-plumage). — Iris hnzol-brown. Eyelids vermilion-rnd, fleshy callosities bluish ash. 

 Base of bill and first ridge diill yellowish, the contained space bluisli, rest of bill vermilion-red, the tip of 

 the lower mandible and the two terminal grooves yellowish. Legs and feet coral-red, claws black" 

 (CouEs). 



