INTUODL'CTION. 



XI 



)S. 



IH.'0. 



Toes 



liencd, aiul 

 Cicimiidw). 

 ilouble. 



issively so), 

 , souietimos 

 ' and youiij,' 



led imd bill 



|ul lialliihv. 

 liniiihr). 

 louble. 



08 webbed, 



elevated, 



abnijitly 



us in the 



Carotids 



€9 



•^ 



VI. STEOANOPODES. iliiid tue leii^tiieiied ai\d iiu'iiiiibe:ed, and united to the inner 

 toe by a complete web (small only in Tiuhijiwtitli). Hill extremely variable, but 

 usually with a more or less extensible naked f,'ular sac between the mandibular rami. 

 Nostrils olisolete. Habits altriciai, youn;,' dasyiiiudie in Tachiipitidtr, PhalacrocDnicnltr, 

 Phlidir, and I'lmrlhiintiilw. j^ymnoiiiodic * in Vdecanidie aiid SulUhv. Palate 8auro},'na- 

 thous. Carotids doiilile. 



VII. LONOIFBNNES. Hind toe small or rudimentary, and elevated, sometimes ahnost 

 obsolete ; anterior toes fully weldieil. Hill more or less eomiiressed (nearly cylin- 

 drical only in some Sttrcuniriiila), the nostrils linear, never tubular. Habits altri- 

 ciai, youuj,' dasypiedic. Palate schizo},'natUou.s. Carotids double. Ejjgs, two or more, 

 colored. 



VIII. TUBINARES. Hind toe absent or very rudinientary ; anterior toes fully webbed. 

 IJill variable, but usually nearly cylindrical or compressed (rarely itepressed), the ter- 

 minal portion stronj;ly hooked. Xo.strils tubular. Habits altriciai, younj^ da-sypaxlic. 

 Palate schi/.ognathous. Carotids double. E<,'gs, never more than one, white. 



IX. PTOOPODES. Le-^s inserted far backward, the tarsi extremely compressed. Anterior 

 toes fully webbed or else 8troni,dy lobed and with broad flat miiU (Podicipida). Rill 

 extremely variable. Habits jira'cocial in Podicipid(r and Culijtidiida-, altriciai in Alfid(T ; 

 young dasypa'dic. Palate schizoi^nathous. Carotids double, except in Podicipida and 

 some Akid(c (c. (/., genus Alli). 



The above arrangement is not strictly natural, but the division of Water Birds into " Waders " 

 and "Swimmei-s" is adopted for the convenience of the student. The Oiilers most nearly related 

 are tlie Herodintus and Sligaiiopodes, Limico!(e a\u\ Alectoruh.t, Phcenicopteri and Ansereg, and Lomji- 

 pcnncs and Tithiiiarrg. Of the Pijucipodts (which as here defined is certainly not a properly 

 limited group) the Alcidw present many points of true relationship to the Tubinnrrs and Longi- 

 pennes, while the latter are not far removed from the Limicolw. The Podicipidw also appear to 

 resemble in some respects (perhaps only teleological) the Ster/aiwjyodes. 



> Young birds nro gymnopwdic when naked or very inioniplptely covered with down when hatched ; 

 e. g., the young of all Passcres, Woodiieckore, Pigeons, etc. 



tally fully) 

 'odicipidu'). 



ip provided 

 i;rs (more 

 •oynathous. 



.re reared in 

 hicks of the 



1 idthough 

 icstic Fowl 



