44 



REronT — 1884. 



Graham seems to Lave been the first to maintain that hydrogen existed 

 in these salts otlierwisf than as water of crystallisation. 



1847. — It Avas Gerlardt ' who first clearly stated that the three sub- 

 stances, hydric sulphate, hydro-potassic sulphate, and potassic sulphate, 

 stand to one another in the relations represented by the formuhe 11.2804, 

 KHSO., KqSO.,. lie called salts of the type K.2SO,, which correspond 

 to acids formed by the direct combination of water with an 'anhydride,' 

 cqnisfls ; while for acids and basic salts he u.scd the old names, sur-sels 

 and sous-sels. 



TABLE I. 



In this table of the nomenclature of the oxides of carbon, it is seen that 

 the r.ames carbonic oxide and carbonic acid, Kohlenoxyd and Kohjensaiire, 

 oxide de carbon and acidc carbonique, have been solely used by English, 

 German, and French nhemists for the two oxides of carbon from the time 

 of their identification until twenty years ago. In ^Miller's ' Elements of 

 Chemistry ' we find the term carbonic acid used in the two first editions, 

 in the later editions the term carbonic anhydride is introduced. In 

 Fownes' ^Manual we find the term carbonic acid used from the fourth 

 edition to the ninth ; in the tenth and eleventh editions we find both the 

 terms carbonic dioxide and carbonic oxide applied to the higher oxide, 

 and the terms carbon monoxide and carbonons oxide applied to the 

 lower ; in the thirteenth edition we find the terms carbonic anhydride and 

 carbon dioxide applied to the higher, and carbonic oxide and carbon 

 monoxide applied to the lower. So that in difl'erent editions of the same 

 manual we have the term carbonic oxide first applied to the lower, then to 

 the nighcr, and again to the lower oxide. In Watts's Dictionary (18t]3) 

 the lower oxide is called carbonic oxide, the higher carbonic anhydride ; 

 in the first Supplement (1872) the lower oxide is called carbon, monoxide 

 and carhouovs o.riilc, the higher oxide rarhon dioxide and carbonic, anhydride. 

 In Franco and Germany the terms oxide de carbon and Kohlenoxyd, 

 acide carbonique and Kohlensaiii'c, have continued to be used almost 

 nniversally to the present day. Among English and American chemists 

 of the present day tliere is a diversity of practice : carbonic oxide and 

 carbon monoxide being most generally used for tlie lower oxide, and 

 carbonic acid, carbonic anhydride, and carbon or carbonic dioxide for the 

 higher. 



TABLE II. 



In the nomenclature of the oxides of nitrogen, we find the names oxide 

 amtenx and oxide a::otl([ue, applied to the first and second oxides of nitro- 

 gen by the French Committee in 1787, have been employed by many 

 chemists to the present day. In the first edition of Thomson's ' Sy-steni 

 of Chemi.stry ' (1802) we find the terms nitrous and nitric oxide used ; in 

 a later edition (1817) ho introduced the terms protoxide of azote and 

 deutoxido of azote, calling the third oxide hyponitrous acid,a,nA.i\\eiovivi\\ 

 nitrous acid. In Brando's ' Manual ' (1810) we have the term nitrms acid 

 giv n to the third oxide, but most chemists adopted Thomson's nomen- 

 clature. In Berzelius (French edition, 1829) i^'o find gas oxide nitreux, 

 gas oxide nitriquo and acide nitreux for the three lower oxides, and the 

 term acidc nitroso niiriquc for the fourth. In Graham's ' Elements ' (1842) 



' Journal de Pharmacic, vol. xii. p. h'. 





