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228 



UEPORT — 1884. 



by the publication of Greonough's ' Geological Map of Kiigland and 

 Wales' (1811^-20), a Hurvoy was commencod by Dufrt'noy and RHo do 

 Beaumont, under the direction of Jlrocliant do Villiors. From 1822 to 

 1825 the surveyors were studying field geology iji Kiigland. In 1825 

 tlio work was commenced in France, Do Beaumont taking the cast, 

 Dufrciioy tho west. There were two assistants, and the survey was 

 completed in 1830. 



The map, ' Carte Gi'ologiqno do la Franco,' is in (i shoots, scale 

 1 : 500,000. It was published in 1810-42 ; the two volumes of ' Kxplica- 

 tion ' in 1841 and 18 18. 



A reduction of this map ('Tableau d' Assemblage '), scale 

 1 : 2,000,000, was published in 1841. 



There are a liirgo number of maps and memoirs of Departments, 

 of which great use is made by the surveyors. Some ai'O by private geo- 

 logists, but most are by ofKci.al mining engineers. These maps are on 

 various scales ; some, as that of the Pas do Calais (by Da Souich, 1851) 

 on tho full scale of 1 : 80,000. 



A Geological ^lap of Franco in 48 sheets, scale 1 ; 500,000, is in 

 preparation by C. Vasseur and L. Caroz. 



Italy. 

 Reale Comitafo Geologico d' Italia (Home).' 



This survey was commenced in 18G8, when tho capital was Florence. 

 It was directed by a committee of Professors at Universities and 

 Engineers of Mines. In 1873, when the chief office and place of publica- 

 tion were transferred to Rome, the staflf was reorganised ; tho Comitalo 

 (with Professor Meneghini as president) retained mainly a consulting 

 power, the real chief of the survey being F. Giordano, tho present director. 

 The staff consists of 7 geologists, 3 assistants, and a paleontologist. 



The systematic and detailed investigation of the country dates from 

 1877, and was commenced in Sicily ; in 1879 the survey was extended to 

 tho Apuan Alps and tho Roman Campagna. The scale adopted for the 

 survey is usually 1 : 50,000 ; areas of special interest, such as those men- 

 tioned above, are surveyed on the scale of 1 : 25,000. Recently some 

 surveys have been made on the scale of 1 : 10,000 — of Elba, Ischia, 

 and the environs of Rome. 



A general map (1 : 1,111,111) was published in 1881 : another, on 

 the scale of 1 : 500,000, is now in preparation, Sicily being published 

 (1883). 



The systematic publication of the survey map will be on the scale of 

 1 : 100,000, in 277 sheets, those of Sicily being nearly ready for issue.'^ 



Districts of special importance will be published on the scale of 

 1 : 25,000, with contours ; Elba, in two sheets, is now ready. 



In the topographical maps prepared by the Italian Government (of 

 which there are 18, on various scales), the meridian is reckoned from 

 Rome (Monte Mario), which is 12° 28' B. of Greenwich. There is a 

 topogi'aphical map, prepared by the Austrian Government, on the scale 

 of 1 : 75,000, in which the meridian is reckoned from Ferro ; but this 

 siap is not used by the Geological Survey. , 



• For a fuller account of this Survey, see Nature, Nov. 24, 1881. 



* Four sheets, with a sheet of sections, were published at the end of 1884. 



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