TT r 



606 



REroiiT — 1884. 



M 

 11 



lieforo procoeilinj,'- with tbo arpumcnt it ih as well to call atti'iitioii to tlio verv 

 important fact just mt'iitiniicd. It has boon nsMcrlt'il over and ovit npiin tluit 

 tpecics of maiiniiii/id aro pfculiiirly .Hlioi't-livcd, far nion^ .mo than tliown of viulln^vn. 

 In thia case, so fur as tln^ cviilcnct' exlt'iids at pn'st>nt, onc-tliiitl df tli(> siiccIm^ 

 of mammidiu survivtnl tlio clian^'e.s that took phico, whiTcas n(jt a winj^lo indlh^k 

 is found both in tho uppur antl lowor Siwaliks. It Hhoidil hn roiuenibtrid tluit 

 tho recent inoIUiscaii river fauna of tliis part of India is very jioor iu sjiccii «, 

 and that wu probalily liuow a considi'mldc propoitiDU of that i'xi>tin;,' in JSiwalik 

 times. 



Tlio peoh)gicttl a^ft) of the lowor Siwalilc iu'd.s of Sind i.s sliowii 1)y their p.i'.Kin!f 

 downwanls into marine fossiliferous hod», known as the (iaj K''""i'> •'' -Miocunf 

 age, tlie following being the sectinn of Tertiary .-"Irata exposed in the hills west uf 

 tho Indus:— 



I't. 

 r.,0()0 unfosslliforouH . , 

 3,000 to '>,000 fossil! ferous 



SnVALIK or !\rAKCH 



f Upper 

 All Lower 



GXj . . . 



Nari . . 



KlIIUTIIAIt 



/ Upper 

 ^JiUWer 



/ Upper 

 '\ liowir 



1,000 to 1 ,."00 fossiliferous . 



4,000 to (■),()()() unfossiliferous. 



lUO to Ij.'iOO fossiliferous . 



r.OO to :t,000 fossiliferous .^ 

 (;,()00 fossiliferous . . .J 



Pliocene 



LJp[)er .Miiif'ono nr 

 JiOWer riiuct'i'.i'. 

 ^Miocene 



liowor Miocene 

 Dligoeeni; 



I'loeenc 



Clearly the lower Siwaliks of Sind cannot he older than Tpper Miocene ; there- 

 fore tho Upper Siwaliks, which aro siiowii by both biological and gcoli iiric.il 

 evidence to be of much later date, mnst bo I'lioceiio. 



Oondwdua iS)/stt')ii nf Indid. — In tlio peninsula of India there i.s a remarliub!.^ 

 deficiency of marine formations. Ivxcept in the r.eighbouvhood of the coa^t or 

 of the Indus valley there in, with one exception (some cretaceous rock.s in tli'i 

 Nerbudda valley), not a single marine deposit known south of the great (inuijri'tie 

 plain. But in Bengal and Central India, over extensive tract.s of country, a grciit 

 sequence of fresh-water beds, jjrobably of tluviatilo origin, is found, to which thf 

 name of Gondwana Sy.stem ha.s been a])])lied. The uppermost beds of this system, 

 in Cutch to the westward, and near the mouth of tht* Oodiivari to the eastwnni, 

 are interstratified with marine beds containing fossils of the highest Jurassic 

 (Portlandian and Tithonian) types. 



Tho Gondwana sy.stem is a true system in the sense that all the series com- 

 prised aro closely connected with each otiier by both biological and physical 

 characters, but it represents in all probability a much longer period of geological 

 time than do any of tho typical l']uropean systems. Tho highest nieinher.-', i\< 

 already stated, are interstratified with marine beds containing uppermost J\irns!sic 

 fossils. The ago of the lowest members is less definitely determined, and lias 

 lieen by diHerent writers classed in various series from ^liddle Carbonifeious to 

 Middle Jura9.sic. The Qoiidwiina bt'ds from top to bottom are of unusual iiitcrot 

 on account of the extraordinary conflict of paloeontological evidence that tlicy 

 present. 



The subdivisions of the Gondwana sy.stem are numerous, and in the upper 

 portions especially the series and stages are different iu almost every tr 

 the rocks are found. The following are the subdivisions of most imp 

 account of their fauna and flora, or of their geological relations: — 



Avhere 

 .ance on 



Upper Gondwana 



Lower Gondwdna 



f Cutch and .Tabalpur 

 < Kota-JIaleri 

 (.Kiijmahiil 



Panchct 

 Damuda 



/Karharbi 

 I l^Tulchir 



f RAniganj and Kumtlii 

 \ Bariikar 



