TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION D. 



759 



!d tlieir habitats 



lent, from which 

 lie material with 



) kei'p out yiTnis 

 i.'^elvi's, ai!il twij 

 'a.st'd, and later 



iircissu^'n-estive 

 aiii tlieir vitality 

 rds may he th« 

 , may have been 

 stance the s]ii'ci- 



nii.s Alph'i-ii!^^ in 

 it, more ior thi; 

 le. 



m of one sinp'l,; 

 horns of wator. 

 I't'ijuontly Ibiiinl 

 "labitat, mid the 

 at tiiey hiirrow 



ropical and siih- 

 lly <!isa])p('ann}: 

 I 1 liat 01 Jlctffm 

 nit ten i'atlinnij 

 outh than Ntw 

 aannel, or o'2' ({ 



leir haviiifr bwii 

 stive of a douht- 



1 as having' Ifeii 

 dioms, and once 



omo of the move 

 iiiiite swinmiin^' 

 ■a,' T/tasiinopodd 



rters of an iiicli 

 . short distaiKi; 

 Atlantic, 

 visli c(dour, and 

 and devoars all 

 urn, are chasel 

 acea fjuides and 

 former will un- 

 s that much of 

 d the condition 

 theui and their 

 ut. 



le Crinoidea. 



isive as that of 

 3 of 81° N. and 



52° S,, while the correspondin<r limits for the St alked Criuoid.s are 08° N. and 40" S. 

 Soiue peuera, such as Actinomvtra and Pentan'imis, occur in shallow water 

 everywhere, or almost everywhere within the tropics; though Ventacrinus has not 

 vet been obtained in the Pacific east of lon;r. 170° W., nor betwet'u the meridians 

 of 5° "\V. and 120° E., its nearest approach to the Indian ocean beiru; the Moluccas. 

 Uti'tiKTi'iiiif!, on the other hand, has been found in the noi;?hbourhood of Sini,'aporo, 

 hut it is otherwise almost entirely limited to the tropical refrions of the West. 

 IViiic, raniiing, however, as far north as Japan ; while l'e/ifarri)iu.'< Jf'i/n'/le- 

 TlwyiUdiii occurs in the Atlantic as far north as lat. 40°. Holopus, however, has 

 neve'' been obtained out of the Caribbean Sea. 



Of the stalked crinoids 7iVi(';:ocr/?(».s' has the greatest northern range (Os^ N.), 

 hut it has not been met -with more than once, or possibly twice, south of the 

 equator, and is limited to the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. liatlii/rviuux, while 

 raiifrin^:" through 100^ of latitude in the Atlantic and Southern Sea, does not occur in 

 the IViiic at all. Atiffdrnt, on the other hand, is cosmopolitan, live species 

 inhabiting tlie Arctic Ocean, while the gemis is also well represented in the 

 !50Uthern Sea. 



As a general rule the individual species of Crinoids are much limiteil in their 

 range, though there are a few well-marked exceptional cases. ]?(ith speci(>s of 

 Rhizocrinus occur in the east as well as in the west Atlantic, lihizocriniis Lofi>- 

 tensis raiigiiif from the Lofden islands to !)° S. , or perhaps to ;^")° S, AVhilo 

 three species of Peiitacrinidto occur in the South Pacific near the Kerniadecs, and 

 also among the Philippines. The four Caribbean species of Poifd'Tiiins are widely 

 distributed among the West lii<lia islands, and it is very probable that systematic 

 dredgings in Uceanin, lilce those of the Blake in the Caribbean Sea, would largely 

 increase the specific range, both of Pont(«rhw!^ and of Metacrinus. 



Among the Comatuhe, the well-known Anfedon Ei^ohrichti is universally 

 distributed in the Arctic Ocean and on both sides of the Atlantic as far south as 

 lat. 4'j^ is., while Anfcdon dentofa of the Parents Sea, the north-east Atlantic, 

 and the Scandinavian coasts is abundant on the banks off New England. Antodon 

 I'lrinata i^ another widely distributed species, occurring both on the Atlantic and 

 on the Paeitic coasts of South America, at Java, ^lauritius, the Seychelles, and 

 eUewherc ; while Acfinometra pulchcUa of the Caribbean Sea has also been 

 dredged in moderately deep water ofl'the coast of Morocco. The greater number 

 of the Comatulie, however, like the four species of Baf/iycnnuf- and most of the 

 Peutacrinida; have as yet been obtained at one or two localities only, and those 

 not very widely .separated. 



The genus Pcnfrnriiiits has been found at all depths between 40 and l,ooO 

 fathoms, thiiugli it has not been dredgeil more than sixteen times at a greater 

 depth than 200 fathoms, and only three times below 700 fathoms. It is abundant 

 in the Caribl)enn Sea, and has also been found in the east Atlantic, west Pacific, 

 and among the Philippines. The allied genus J/c/rtcrmMS, on the other hand, has 

 a much more limited range, both bathymetrical and geographical, while it is 

 uuknown in the fossil state, for it has only been dredged twice below 200 fathoms, 

 and never below 700 ; while, though extraordinarily abundant in shallow water at 

 certain localities in the Malay Archipelago, it appears to be confined to the warmer 

 parts of the western basin of the Pacific. 



Phkocriniis, on the other hand, is almost entirely limited to the north Atlantic 

 and the Caribbean Sea. and has bt'en obtained at all depths from 80 to l,900fathoms ; 

 it is fairly abundant down to 1,0(X) fathoms, though it is extremely rare below 

 that depth. Here, however, it is replaced by ^(7^//?/mrtKS, •which has been dredged 

 eight times between one and two thousand fathoms, and once at 2,400 fathoms, 

 This genus ranges from the Atlairtic into the Southern Sea, but is not known 

 elsewhere, nor does it occur in the fossil state as li/iizocriniis does. 



Two genera of recent Crinoids, Ilyocrinus and Thanmatomnus, have large oral 

 plates covering the peristome, and are thus to be regarded as in a permanently 

 larval condition. Both were dredged in the Southern Sea at depths of 1,600 fathoms 

 and upwards, and both have certain affinities with the Palaeocrinoids. Hyocrinm 

 has ii tri'>:ii'f;-^e base, which occurs in no other Xeocrinoid, while the arms are very 



*!r 





