TllANSACTIONS OF SECTION F. 



b\r> 



'itlifv ],iirtiallv 

 iiiiiiiH Ijiit im- 



9 f)f i)(i\vrr \< 

 ■■-iircd Ity iilifiii; 

 iimnne miivm. 



Roattered ii\..r 

 iii'.a of lient and 

 t-'-tliinl ill th^ 

 le-sixtli ill til.- 



st nin<,'(> in the 

 I at tin* aveiM^re 



tiiuos as rrivut 

 avc wiilc trant?, 

 liieli tlii> \m1u.' 

 if sqiiaro miles 

 iM'in onciipiitioii, 

 tiviitioii, ilinl nf 

 normoMx. It i- 

 1)1' vecliiiiieij at 

 computation to 

 ly, tliini^'b not 

 rastt' is iim li-- 

 lin' wliie'li i-i m> 



nioa-iurt'il. 1; 

 rt of Austrtilia. 



fori>Hts ai'o very 

 iitliiitt'ly vaiii'ii- 



'lalf (Ic.itvoveil, 



aboul mim 



lly preserved t > 



ion amounts t" 



in llu! enipiiv. 



coiitri)] weiv in 



triiijri"^!; up tli*' 



iialities, ammi; 

 ions of till' fair 

 udinu' (loriniin 



\\ niilliou ni' 

 cvo arcacei'tain 

 ci'lcs ; but tin IV 

 y ]k\ir«siauf!. 



nf tlui fair 'ir 

 iiuliT liflonj;inff 



at of I'tii-rii'ii. 



nt luoiv than 

 11 liimlly I'xoeeil 

 t! wlioli'. Til'' 

 Yo 188 irillidiis 

 i subject to tlio 

 otal pojmlation 

 n't' aro couiite'l 



,3 millions ol 



TliiMi there nn' M millions of .Muliamniadniis under the JJritish crown in India, 

 and theri' art' 10 millinim iiKm' in the .Muhamniadan counlrit'.s connecti-d witli the 

 lintinh l';m]>ii'i': in all (iO niiUinii-.. Tliis uuiiili'r excfi'ds tln^ nuuibcr o' the 

 Muliaiuuuulaus bi'inngiiijr to any of llm .Muhamniadan State", siieli as Turki ;. , or 

 iVrsiii, and in fact comjiriso half tlie .Muhanii'iadan wm-ld. 



The nunilier of ihiddhists is not coiisidi'i'ublo, aniomitinfj' to about 7,0()(),(VlO, 

 cliieflv in Murmah and Ceylon, with snnu' Chincsf in Australia and other divisions 

 iif thi' oinpire. 'i'hi'ii thero is a siiinl! riinaindi'.', about 7,000,000, cnusi-tlii^- of 

 I'afraiiscliii'tly, the Abori<;im'9 of tlic J'last Indies, iiieludin;.' also the North Aniericaa 

 [ndiaiis, lilt' Australasian natives, and the African trilies of the ( 'ajie. 



hi the I'nited Kin^t'om the piojiortion of urban to rural jiopulation is lar;;e, 

 iriii;; mure llian one-half already, and lilcely to increase to Iwo-ihirds. In linjil.ind 

 ..pii'ially, till' niajority of the peophs dwell in tnwn-^. At prt'seiit a similar tendency 

 !s observable in Austvaliii. where the jjeoide are mainly urban. Ihit in the r- <t of 

 the I'lupire the mass of tiie population is rural, a certain percentaf^e only lieinj; 

 urban. In India, esjiecially, it is to bo remarked tliat nine-tenths of the peojde uve 

 ill villages, leavine one-tenth only for the towns. 



Ifibototal ]iopulation were spreiul oM'r tlii^total ana of the empire, tliea\"raL'i' 

 would aiiioiiiit to only ■';.'! jiersons to tht> square mile, whitdi siifj-ijresi s a wonderlul 

 >|iai'.seness of population in a wealthy and prosperous empire. The sjiarseness arises 

 from the inclusion in the emjtire of tracts, either uninhabited or but sliL'htly 

 iiiliabiti'd, such as tlie Himalayas, tiio I'ri^dd rt'eif)ns in the north of Cam. da, a 

 purt (if the Kticky .Mountains, and ihe avid desert in the heart of .Vustralia. In- 

 deed it were almost idlo to reckon the axerai-'e ot the ])opulation in the tot,:! area 

 in the Dominion of Canada, or in .\u*tnilia. J'lven in India the jreiieral averajre 

 ainoants to only 1^1 to the s(|uare mih', novertiieless India contains some "t" the 

 uiost dt'iisi'ly ))eit})led tlistricts in the woihl. In some Indian provinces a pojiula- 

 tion to lie counted by tens ol' millions, avera^'^e from oOO to 400 the stiuare mile, 

 and in some Indian '^siricis. with a jiopulation to lit^ counted by some millions, the 

 average rises to 8 ;ven to 1)00 on the square mile. .\s is well known, I]ni.dar,d 

 las separate from ales, Scotland, and Ireland) is the only part of the empire 

 wbifh is densely ]'t' pled throue.hout, its avera;:e ]ier siiuare mile, 4>^o souls, being 

 ahno-st exactly the same as that of iJelirium, iln; most densely peopled jiart of the 

 Continent of Europe, 



Heretofore uniler the lirst two headings we may have wondered at thesmailiiess 

 of the projiortion which the United Kinjrdom bears to the empire in resjiect of 

 ana and jiopulation. Liider the next or third lieadiiif;' we shall be constrained to 

 iidmiie the larjreness (d" the proportion which the United Kini:<lom bears to the 

 iiupirt; ill re.spect id" wealth, commerce, and resomces. The third and last heading' 

 then relates to the works of man, his riches and power, l.is imliistrial and ctmi- 

 nierdal operations. 



One among the pnmary tt'si> of national resources ia the public revenue. 



The annual revenue and receipts ctdlc'cteil in the IJritish empire for tlie ecneval 

 ^""'verniiient tir adininistratioii amounts to i'0;j,000,000 sterling annually. Uftiiis 

 mi;:hty sum, .^0,000,000 pertain to tlie Uiilt.d Kingdom, 74,000,000 to'lndia, and 

 tO,()(ll),UOO to the ( '(doilies, and the I lependencies. This includes Brit ish territories 

 only, and not the Native States of India. iKjr the countries politically connected 

 with the empire. If that coiihl be athled, however, t he addition windd not lie very- 

 material to so great a total as that above >!iown. 



The revenue wliich is raised indirectly I'l'.mi the consumer is less felt than that 

 which is levieil directly from the tax-pavt'r. It may therefore be well to observe 

 that of the i'0;},000,OOt) not more than one-fourth (or rjO,()00,000) is obtained from 

 flii'et't taxation, land tax, jiroperty tax, and the like, the remainder b( ing obtained 

 'loin customs, excise, and other sources of indirect taxation. 



But besides the general government and administration, there is a large n venue 

 received throughtmt the empire for local purposes. This income (including varioii.s 

 receipts but excluding loans) amounts to hardly less than Gl .000,000 sterliiiir vear'v. 

 of which 4f),.')(X),000 btdongto the United Kingdom, and 5,000,000 to I lidia ; the 

 greater part of this is levied by direct taxation. ' 



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