TU.\Nt»ACT10N» 01." SECTION G. 



895 



The tt'inpenitiut'.s ut which a niimbor of specimens of thoso solders bt'Ciime soft, 

 and ftfterwiirdH lliiitl, wiMO niejisured. In coinpiirisoii witli results of ni(;lting tiie 

 sprinkliis in hot water, it wuh found that an automatic .sprinkler opens helow tho 

 true lut'ltiui; point of the solder, and at the temperature at which this .dloy be- 

 comes viscous, or, in some instances, fjranular. 



Tilt' measurements of the dischiuire of tiie, sprinklers showed that the dischargo 

 conformed to the formula: — 

 in whii'li— Q = 'fOTofdl^P, 



Q = ('ubic feet of water ])er minute. 



A = Area of orifice in .sijnare inches. 



Q = ('oellicient of efilux, delonnined l)y tiiese experiments. 



1'.- Water jiressure in pounds ])er stjuaro inch. 



Tlk' eti'ective head at Wui sprinkler Avas found by corroctinp: I lie measured 

 (ivniimic liea<l at tho gauge by the formula dedui.'ed fin- this puri),)se, in which the 

 lojs of head — ■ 



Aiifninatic sprinklers under a head of si\en feet will deliver as much water 

 iijidii inch square foot <if lloor n.i the system of perforated sprinkler pi))es under a 

 hrtid of forty feet. 



Tliere seems to be no method of providin^j- against freezing during the winter 

 Sfiwiii, in cold bnildiiif^s e(juipp(!d with the pendent form of s})rink!ers. 



Willi the upri;iht form of sprinklers, it is easy to draw olf the water at tho 

 ), ini HTvice gate. 'J'here seems to be no record of any solnt ion with a lower freezing 

 than any natural temi)i'rature, wliicb is also non-corrosive and incombustible. 



Kxpericnce shows thai sheet lend is the only material suiti'd for valve seats of 

 ■■■!i<itive sprinklers. 



Hotli tlie results of ex]ierieiice, iuul the facts ])rnven by this investigation, siiow 

 :■ I' tlie elliciency of automatic sprinklers is not liable to beconu' impaired by 



On the Friction of Journals. By Professor Osijuunk Reynolds, F.B.S. 



<at about % 



8. Grain Elevators. iJi/ V. C. Van Hokx. 



'.'. On the Flow of Water thmufjh Tnrliiitrs and Screw Fropellers. 



Bij AiiTiu li Ri(ii;. 



10. Oil, the Ventilation of Ocean Steamships. 

 By A. Lai'thobn Smith, B.A., M.D. 



l\'ovided a passenger can remain on decic, the .symptoms of sea-sickness gene- 

 Killvpass off after a day or two. although the motion of the ship continues the 

 •aine, or even increases. Therefore tlie sea is not nloiie to blame for the malady, 

 fviii a perfectly well person is apt to be attacked with nausea and vomiting, after 

 Muaiiiiiiif for a few hours in the steerage of a ship just arriving from s(>a, although 

 •ii'' ."liip is quite motionh'ss. A ])assenger steamer is the most diliicult of all 

 Sellings to ventilate by natural means, on account of its construction. On tho 

 K'lerliand, prisons, asylums, and public buildings, although much better adapted 

 ' naturul ventilation than ships, have been proved, by experiments, to be incapable 

 '•' ventilation, except by artificial means. Moreover, the space at the dispo.sal of 

 ■^^aii travellers is exceedingly limited, only 72 cubic feet being allowed per adult. 

 In order to provide the smallest quantity of air consistent with health, the atmo- 

 s?liere would have to be changed 43 times per hour, which is manifestly impossible 

 \ natural means. A ship carrying 1,200 passengers requires 3,600,000 cubic feet 

 11 air per hour delivered betweeu decks, apart from the requirements of the 



