1. 



TIIK 1JATKA(;HIA ol' NOKTll AMKUICA. 



19 



ii's, ihmUt 



U'llt I'll J- 11 



liU's'' iiiul 

 ions, viz: 

 iil)liil>ioiis 

 ; liero lind 

 ii (liviision 



ts to the 

 tiiicliiaiis, 

 ht'sc, riio- 

 podii (C(i>- 

 mdirs iivo 

 sta, or tlio 



ilii(leli)hiiij 



ainos \W\tr 

 IS Emydo. 

 uiropliidia,, 

 tabilia and 

 Ibnns, witli 

 einbraci'd 



k'sol!{«'i)- 

 Sciences of 

 les the Ba- 

 le t'xternal 

 V only ; in 

 neither the 



le names of 

 lopnoa col- 

 lie places 

 ) Mntaliilia 

 hiaiichoida 

 IJatrachia. 

 blished be- 

 ourth onler 

 x'vA : till' 

 are divided 

 ibraces the 



(ISotJ), uses 

 and IJatni- 



cilia. The hitler two divisions be rej^ards as subclasses, under the 

 names Monopnoa and i)ipiio:i. The Dipiioa (liatrachia) are divided 

 into IJrodelaand JJatracliia (=:Anura). Tlie Urodelaiii tiirnaredivided 

 into l'ereniiil»ranclii;ita, Derotremata (Trematodera pt. of Dumeril and 

 llibron), and Mycitoder.i (sala:iiandeis in .nenenil). 



Haiclid i)iiblislied in lS(J(j iiis (}eiii'rel!e ]\Iorpiiolo;:;ie. lie then dis- 

 tin;;iiished the IJatrachia not only as a class from the Ilei>tilia, but 

 placed it in a separate };roiip of the vertebrafa, which he called the 

 Aiiamnia, from the absence of the amnion, alonj;' with tln^ lishes. He 

 uses iiidis(!iiiiiiiiiitely the names Uatrachia and Amphibia for the (tlass. 

 lie divides it into two primary divisions, the IMiractamphibia and Lis- 

 samphibia. The former are the extiiuit forms, tojicther with the Ca'ci- 

 liida'. The Lissainpliibia are divided into three divisions: Sozobran- 

 cliia ' '.'ereiinibraiiclisV Soznra (IJrodela), and Aniira. 



( '(il>L', iu ii "Synopsis of the Kxtinct Ijatrachia «)f North America," 

 lS(».S(l*r(>ceedin^'s of the Ac idemy IMiiladelpliia), re('o.i;iiiziMl the Uatra- 

 «-hia as a class distinct from the Ivcptili.i, and divided it into six orders, 

 as follows: Tiacliystiniiata (Hiiens), i'mt. ida, Urodela, (Jyniiioi)liidia 

 (the ('o^(!iliida'), 8tL'<,M)cepliali (extinct forms), and Annra. In a paper on 

 the IJatraidiia of the Permian I'eriod of Noitli America, bSSt( American 

 N itiiralist), two orders were added, tiie Kliachitomi and Kmbolomeii, 

 linth extinct. In the "Origin of tiie Fitti'st" (Philadelphia, ISSO) still 

 another order is added to the IJatraiiliia, the (Janoiu'phala of Owen, and 

 t 111 (iymnopliiona((J(et;iliida')are united with the IJrodela, makiiij'- eight 

 oi'ders in all. Tliis systiMii is adopted in tiie iiicsent work. In 18(15, in 

 •I paper on the Primary J)ivisioiis of the liatrachia Salientia (Natural 

 History Ileview) the .Vniira were divided into Ajjlossa, |{iifonitbriiiia, 

 AKtifera, and Itaniformia. These divisions arc here adopte«l, except- 

 i:i,u the Ibifoniformia. 



Ilii.tlcj/, AnatDiny of Veitebratcd .\niinals, 1871, «livides the vertL!- 

 Iir.ilainto hditliyopsida, Sauropsida, and Mammalia. The Ichthyopsida 

 correspond to the Anamniaof Ilaeckel, plus the Leptocardii and Mar- 

 sip(»hiancliii. This division is divided into two classes, the Pisces ami 

 AaiphiUia (Hatrachia). The Keptilia and Aves form the Sauropsida. 

 The An;pliibia emlnace, according; to Iliixley, four orders, viz : Uro- 

 dcl.i, lialiyrinthodonta, Gymiiopliiona, and liatrachia or Aniira. The 

 trodela are divided into J'roteida and 8alaniandrida, which corro- 

 spmid to the Trematodera and Vitretodera of Dumeril and iJibron. 

 Professor Ilnxley j,'ave the (irst (dear osteoIoj;ical delinition of the class. 



<ie(jcnh((in\ in the Elementsof t!omparative Anatomy, 1872, follows the 

 system of Ilaeckel so far as rcf^ards the higher groups of vertebrata. 

 The Uatrachia are called Amphibia, and have the three divisions pro- 

 liosed by Merrem, but under the names Urodela, Annra, and Gynino- 

 pliiona. 



Ill tho preceding review no attempt has been made to |)rcsent tho 

 views of all naturalists who have written on the vcitebrata, but I have 



