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cient. It is better to plant at the greater dis- 

 tance, and put an early bearing kind of fruit be- 

 tween each two trees, which wil' in a great 

 measure pay for the planting and cultivation of 

 the orchard before the others come into bearing. 

 The only varieties, as far as my exporience goes, 

 suitable for this purpose, are the Keswick Codlin, 

 Hawthornden, and Wagener, — the first a late 

 summer, and early fall, apple ; the second a fall 

 apple, and the third a winter fruit. Standards 

 of these, more especially the two first, will 

 come into bearing the second and third year 

 after planting, and will bear enormous crops 

 every year of large fair fruit of a good quality. 

 The two first are good cooking apples, and the 

 last is an excellent red winter apple. 



Mr. Barry in the " Fruit Culturist" and other 

 writers recommend that two dwarf apples on the 

 Doucin stock be planted between each standard 

 tree, and give diagrams of orchards so to be 

 planted, but they ignore the fact that it is neces- 

 sary to have the trees far enough apart to enable 

 a horse and cart to go between thi rows with 

 manure, and also to carry off the fruit. At any 

 rate every second or third row would need to be 

 left unplanted for this purpose, and planting 

 dwarfs will only be successful in rich soils or 

 with high manuring, as their roots do notextcnd 

 so far as standards and need the necessary food 

 brought nearer to them. These dwarfs as well 

 as the early bearing standard varieties would re- 

 quire to be removed as soon as the ground began to 

 be occupied with the permanent orchard trees, say 

 in ten or twelve years. Many of the best varieties 

 are nearly as long of coming into bearing on 

 the Doucin stock as the Standard, while the 

 Paradise stock, which causes early fruiting, is 

 comparatively worthless. One benefit of dwarf 

 trees is, that when it is necessary to remove 



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them, it can be done with great success, even 

 though the tree has been for years in bearing. 

 They could thus be planted in Dwarf orchards 

 by themselves, from 10 to 12 feet apart, or put 

 in to fill up the intermediate spaces in newly 

 planted standard orchards. Where the peach 

 tree succeeds it is often planted between 

 standard apples, being comparatively a short- 

 lived tree. Dwarf pears are also as suitable as 

 the dwarf apple to fill up an apple or a standard 

 pear orchard ; and as some hardy varieties bear 

 early and profusely they are perhaps the most 

 suitable fruit for this purpose. 



Ill too many cases the young tree is allowed 

 to grow as it pleases till it begins to come into 

 bearing, when a vigorous pruning is given to 



open up the tree in order to let the sun and air 

 to the fruit. This is a great mistake. The tree 

 should be annually pruned during midsummer, 

 iu which case it is only necessary to remove 

 young wood and the wounds heal over at once. 

 Where large limbs are cut out the frost gets in 

 and *hi sap exudes, causing often a dead strip 

 of bark for a foot or two down the main limbs 

 or trunk of the tree. This is generally attri- 

 buted to the great cold of winter, when, in point 

 of fact, it is in most cases due to careless prun- 

 ing. Whenever it is necessary to remove a 

 branch of an inch in diameter and upwards, it 

 should be cut oflf smoothly from the other 

 branch without leaving any projecting stub, and 

 the wound painted over with a solution of gum- 

 shellac dissolved in alcohol (which should be 

 kept in a well-corked bottle, for use as required, 

 as it hardens at once on exposure to the air) ; 

 this pruning should always be done in early 

 spring, immediately after the cold weather is 

 gone, and before vegetation has commenced to 

 any extent. 



It is a very difficult matter to select the 25 

 or 30 best varieties of apples for general culture, 

 so as to be suitable for every locality, and to 

 please every one, as almost every person has 

 some apple that is a particular favorite, or suit- 

 able to his locality, though not generally 

 known, or so suitable elsewhere. In such cases, 

 each grower must add that variety to the fol- 

 lowing list, which will make it more complete 

 for him : — 



Twenty-five of the Best Varieties of Apples for 

 Cultivation in Canada, arranged in the order 

 that they ripen. 



•1. Early Harvest. 

 •2. Red Astrachan. 



3. Large Yellow Bough. 

 •4. American Summer Pearmain. 

 •5 , Garden Royal. 



0. Keswick Codlin. 



AUTT7UN APPLIS. 



•7. Autumn Strawberry. 



*8. Alexander (on account of its size and 



beauty.) 

 9. Hawley. 

 •10. Fall Pippin. 

 11. Gravenstien. 

 •12. Hawthornden. 

 •13. St. Lawrence. 



wiNTta APPLia 

 Famouse. 

 Bellefleur Yellow. 

 Baldwin. 



Hubbardston Noaanch. 

 •18. Pomme Grise. 

 19. Jonathan. 



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