80 



aiAHTS AND PI0MTB3. 



V-- 



fibre of the br&nches of trees. The elephants tear down and 

 crunch the branches, the vertical enamel-plates of their huge 

 grinders enabling thcni to pound the tough vegetable tissue and 

 fit it for deglutition. Now, if we find in an extinct elephant 

 the same principle of construction of the molar teeth, but with 

 -augmented complexity arising from a greater number of the 

 triturating plates and a greater proportion of the dense enamel, 

 the inference ia plain that the ligneous fibre must have entered 

 in a larger proportion into the fooa of such extinct species. This 

 food could be had in sufficient quantity as high as the 60' 

 latitude parallel. •' In the extreme points of Lapland, in 70° 

 north latitude, pines att ,in to the height of 60 feet," Limlley's 

 Introduction to Botany. Lyell observes : " That as in our own 

 times, the nortliern animals migrate, so the Siberian Elephant 

 and Rhinoceros may have wandered towards the north in 

 summer. In .laking such excursions during the heat of that 

 brief season the mammoths would be arrested, when the Rein- 

 deer and Musk-ox would still proceed northward. Fn the diift 

 and fresh water dcpo.>its and caves of what he calls, ' Newer 

 Pliocene age,' " Sir Richard Owen enumerates 27 land and 5 sea 

 mammals in the one and 37 land mammals in the other (caves). 

 Of these 16 land mammals are common to both. In the 

 " alluvium," he finds, 20 land animals and 3 marine. Of these 

 11 land and 3 marine are in the post-plioceae. AH these are 

 British. Associated with the mammoths are such oriental 

 mammals as Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros and Hyaena. We 

 have already seen Rhinoceros and Hyaena in Formosa ; 

 Hippopotamus and Hyaena in Egypt, and Hyoenodon, Hippo- 

 potamus and Rhinoceros in France as well as aiastodon and 

 mammoth. The same author gives mastodon auguetideng, 

 elephas primijenhis, rhinoceros tichorhinus^ in his Pliocei. j- 

 Fluvio-marine crag, list of wiammals. To this, however, he 

 appends the note, " Probably from overlying Blue Clay " 

 (Pleistocene). 



60. We now take a closer look at the associaies of the 

 Elf phant fn Britain which Dean Buckland dissociates from the 

 Roman Invasions aa very i' likely f(4lower8 of armiea. The 





