1 



162 



The Florists^ Review 



Dkcembeb 15, 19l'1 



mal" dampmg-oft'j wlien the seedling is 

 killed by fungi invading either the root 

 or underground stem, after the seedling 

 has appeared above the soil, but before 

 the stem has begun to harden; third, late 

 damping-off, which includes cases of the 

 root-rot type occurring only after the 

 seedling stems have started to become 

 woody and tlie cortex has begun to 

 shrivel; fourth, top damping, when the 

 parasite attacks the cotyledons (seed 

 leaves) or upper part of the stem, some- 

 times before the seedling breaks through 

 the soil. 



Of these four types of damping-off, 

 the first two usually are the most for- 

 midable. As already stated, the first 

 type, designated as germination loss, is 

 highly important as affording a partial 

 explanation of many eases of ])oor ger- 

 mination. Late dainping-off, the third 

 type, says the bulletin, is rarely as 

 serious as the normal type of damping 

 off, as the more advanced seedlings fre- 

 quently outgrow the injury caused by 

 the fungi, and recovery takes place by 

 laterals. "Top damping." the bulletin 

 continues, "is only of importance in 

 cases of excessive and unusual atmos- 

 pheric moisture: in the middle west it 

 has proved relatively insignificant." 



Conditions that Foster Fungi. 



AstliL' bulletin states, it is a common 

 conviction, among men wlio have liad 

 experience with seedling diseases, that 

 ^'damping-ofl' is favored by thick seed- 

 ing, by much organic matter, espi^cially 

 by jioorly roltcd m;inure in the soil, and 

 by excessive moisture in the air and 

 soil." It is also believed, though not 

 with as general agreement, that "liigh 

 temperature favors the disease." 



The author of the bulletin, though not 

 giving positive assent to these prevail- 

 ing oiiinioiis. says that they seem to be 

 sustained, to a greater or less extent, by 

 experiments conducted under his super- 

 vision. With reference to thick seeding, 

 he says that "heavier losses have been 

 found in drill-sown beds than in those 

 sown broadcast, presumably for the rea- 

 son that with equal numbers of seed per 

 square foot of seed bed the seedlings are 

 mucli closer togetlier in seed drills than 

 in broadcast beds, and thus the sju'ead 

 of the mycelium of parasites from one 

 seedling to anotlier is facilitated." 



While considering soil conditions, it 

 is well to note that experiments seem 

 to prove conclusively that acidity of 

 the soil, though unwliolesome in a gen- 

 eral way for many kinds of plants, "is 

 not favorable to damping-off. ' ' In fact, 

 the writer of tlie bulletin considers the 

 application of a certain chemical acid 

 one of the best methods — jK'rha])s the 

 best method — of combating the disease, 

 and he adds, ' ' Conifers are apparently 

 especially tolerant of acid treatment." 

 He is inclined to think, indeed, tliat 

 some conifers are more than tolerant 

 of the acid — they actually enjoy it - 

 for he suggests that "the app;irently 

 salutnry influence of soil acidity in de- 

 creasing the damping-off of some of the 

 conifers may be exerted in the direction 

 of increasing the resistance of the host 

 rather than of inhibiting the pnrasit(>s. " 



Methods of Control. 



Before gi\ing his special recommenda- 

 tion of the ;icid treatment, the author 

 discusses, with varying degrees of favor 

 or condemnation, some of the other 

 methods that have been used in attempt- 

 ing to control the disease. Surfacing 

 with drv s;nul ''cannot ,'ihvnvs be 



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 FLORISTS and PLANTERS 



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