TURDU8. 



in 



cena the lower mandible is yellowish, only tinged with brownish 

 (sonii'tiuH'S scarcely uppreciublc) lovvurds the end. 



This species hitherto has not been noted as found outside of tho 

 limits of Washington Territory and Morthern Oregon^ nor as far east 

 as the Rocky Mountains — tlie most eastern pc'''it being Chiloweyuek 

 Depot, of the Northwes(ern Boundary Survey (as 15,931. July 3, 

 18.')9, Dr. Kennerly), where it was found breeding very abundantly. 

 The eggs bear a close resemblance to those of T. swainsoni, being 

 thickly spotted, instead of being plain blue, as in its u;>arest relative, 

 T. t'uscescens. 



-Baird, 

 t, P. R. 



[licatiou 

 .validity 

 rated, I 

 l(and to 

 lin /»s- 

 re much 

 The 

 Idarker, 

 ,'hieh is 

 lyusces- 



Turdus svrainsonii. 



Turdua swainsonii, Cab. Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 188. — ? Scla- 

 TKR & Salvin, Ibia, 1859, 6 (Guatemala). — Bclatbk, P. Z. S. Ib58, 

 451 (Kouador) ; lb6P, 32(J.— In. Calal. 18ljl, 2, no. 11.— Baikd, 

 Birds N. Am. 1868, 216.— Oundlaoii, Cab. Jour. 1801, 324 (Cuba). 



Tardus minor, Qmklin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 809 (in part). 



Tardus olivnceus, Giraud, Birds L. Island, 1843-44, 92 (not of Linn.). 



(?)7'i -^ • minimus, Lafrbsnayk, Rev. Zool. 1848,5. — Sclater, P. Z. 8. 

 1854, 111.— Bryant, Pr. Boat. Soo. VII, 18(50, 226 (Bogota).— 

 Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyo. 1863. (Birds Panama, IV, no. 384.) 



Ilab. Eastern North America ; westward to Ft. Bridger and Upper Columbia, 

 north to Arctic Ocean, south to Ecuador. 



There is not much difference in the color and size of specimens of 

 this species from different parts of the United States. There is a 

 strong fulvous tinge on the throat, breast, and side of head and neck, 

 a tawny yellowish ring round the eye, and a decided line of the same 

 extending from the nostrils to the eye. The upper parts are of uni- 

 form olivaceous, and pretty constant in shade ; sometimes a little 

 grayer, sometimes with a faint tinge of rufous, though this is usually 

 almost inappreciable. 



Sometimes the fulvous tinge of the breast is so slight as to induce 

 a resemblance to " alicise ; but here the persistence of the yellowish 

 ring rouhd the eye, and the line from eye to nostril, will generally 

 determine the species. In a few instances the ring round the eye 

 and loral line are very pale, but I have considered the distinct ex- 

 istence of the latter as inclining the decision in favor of swainmnii. 

 It is quite possible that some of these doubtful specimens may be 

 hybrids of the two species, as they invariably come from the regions 

 where both breed abundantly. 



The bill is generally rather small, on an average measuring .35 

 from front of bill to nostril ; in one or two specimens in the series, 

 as 22,250, from Washington, it measures .40, or nearly as much as 



